Inhibitors of egfr and/or her2 and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The application relates to a compound having Formula X: which modulates the activity of HER2 and/or a mutant thereof, and/or EGFR and/or a mutant thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, and a method of treating or preventing a disease in which HER2 and/or a mutant thereof, and/or EGFR and/or a mutant thereof, plays a role.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/552,531, filed on Aug. 31., 2017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib, have been shown to be effective therapeutic agents for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that harbors somatic activating mutations in EGFR. However, responders typically relapse 6-19 months after taking EGFR TKIs as a consequence of becoming resistant to the inhibitors. The most common resistance mutation occurs at the gatekeeper T790M position. Another mechanism of resistance involves upregulation of alternative signal transduction pathways.

Several EGFR gene mutations (e.g., G719X, exon 19 deletions/insertions, L858R, and L861Q) predict favorable responses to EGFR TKIs in advanced NSCLC. In addition, the acquired gefitinib resistant mutation, T790M, is treatable with a third generation EGFR inhibitor, osimertinib. However, EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations (˜10% of all EGFR mutations) are generally associated with insensitivity to available TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, and osimertinib). One exception is the EGFR-A763_Y764insFQEA insertion which is highly sensitive to EGFR TKIs in vitro, and patients whose NSCLCs harbor this mutation respond to erlotinib.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is another member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family. HER2 mutations, which mainly consist of exon 20 insertion mutations, have been reported in approximately 1-4% of NSCLC patients. Phase I and II clinical data demonstrated that patients harboring HER2 mutations partially responded to treatment with afatinib, neratinib, or dacomitinib. Although patients with HER2 insYVMA have reported durable responses to afatinib as a single agent, a recent phase II trial of dacomitinib showed no response in all 13 patients with HER2 insYVMA (A775_G776insYVMA), which represents up to 80% of HER2 mutations in lung cancers.

Thus, novel therapies for patients with EGFR mutations (e.g., exon 20 insertion mutations) are desired. Further, compounds possessing activity against HER2 mutations are needed, as they may have extended utility in treating tumors harboring such mutations.

SUMMARY

The present application features a class of novel small molecule compounds that inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR) and/or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). In some embodiments, the compounds are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) EGFR and/or HER2 that are resistant to other drugs, e.g., EGFR and/or HER2 with exon 20 mutations, exon 19 mutations, gefitinib resistant T790M mutation, and/or exon 20 insertion mutations.

In one aspect, the present application relates to a compound of Formula X:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, R₁, R₃, R₄, and R₅ are each described herein in detail below.

In one aspect, the present application relates to a compound of Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each described herein in detail below.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of the formulae described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a kit comprising a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) EGFR or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) HER2 or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) EGFR or a mutant thereof and HER2 or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy, such as a therapy with gefitinib or erlotinib, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of treating or preventing cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder, in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of the present application, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a compound of the present application for modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; for treating or preventing a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; for treating or preventing a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; for treating or preventing cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or for treating or preventing a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a compound of the present application for use in the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy: in the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

In another aspect, the present application relates to use of a compound of the present application in the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; in the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

In another aspect, the present application relates to a compound of the present application for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; for the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

In another aspect, the present application relates to use of a compound of the present application in the manufacture of a medicament for the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder: for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy, for the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2 or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

The details of the application are set forth in the accompanying description below. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present application, illustrative methods and materials are now described. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. Other features, objects, and advantages of the application will be apparent from the description and from the claims. In the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. All patents and publications cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The contents of all references (including literature references, issued patents. published patent applications, and co-pending patent applications) cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a Western blot showing decrease in EGFR phosphorylation in wild-type EGFR, EGFR InsGY, or EGFR InsSVD transformed Ba/F3 cells treated with the indicated concentrations of afatinib or Compound 2.

FIG. 2A is a plot comparing effects of afatinib and Compound 2 on DFCI127c cell growth (measured by relative absorbance): FIG. 2B is a plot comparing effects of afatinib and Compound 2 on DFCI362JC cell growth (measured by relative absorbance); and FIG. 2C is a plot comparing effects of afatinib and Compound 2 on DFCI58-229 cell growth (measured by relative absorbance). All results were obtained after the cells were treated with afatinib or Compound 2 for 72 hours and were averaged between 6 to 12 wells. Data were normalized to untreated cells and displayed graphically using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc.). The growth curves were fitted using a nonlinear regression model with sigmoidal dose response.

FIG. 3 is a Western blot showing levels of phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR), total EGFR, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), total Akt, phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), total ERK, and HSP90 in DFCI127c and DFCI362JC cells treated with the indicated concentrations of afatinib or Compound 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Compounds of the Application

The present application relates to a compound of Formula X:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X₁ is CH or N;

X₂ is CR₆ or N;

X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)— or —N═CR₂—;

X₄ is NH, O, or S;

R₁ is H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1); and R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(b1), provided that when Q is (CH₂)₀, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, and R₃ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halogen, then R₁ is not substituted phenyl; or

R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is H, NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2);

R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₇;

R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R₇ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, or NR_(n3)R_(n4);

each R_(a1) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NH—C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl), NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)-(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁;

each R_(b1) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein at least one R_(b1) is W, or when the at least one R_(b1) is bonded to a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclyl ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom, R_(b1) is C(O)R₉;

each R_(a2) is independently W, NH—C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₀₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein at least one R_(a2) is W;

each R_(b2) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered rings and 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

each R₈ is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀;

each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4);

each R₁₁ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, NR_(n3)R_(n4), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, or C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl);

each R_(n1) and each R_(n2) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, or R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each R_(n3) and each R_(n4) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl,

W is NR₈C(O)R₉, C(O)R₉, or is of formula:

L₃ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocabon chain are independently replaces with —C═O—, —O—, —S—, —NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)C(═))—, C(═C)NR_(L3a)—, —SC(═O)—, —C(═O)S—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR_(L3a)C(═S)—, —C(═S)NR_(L3a)—, trans-CR_(L3b)═CR_(L3b)—, cis-CR_(L3b)═CR_(L3b)—, —C≡C—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)O—, —OS(═O)—, —S(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂O—, —OS(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR_(L3a)—, or —NR_(L3a)S(═O)₂—;

R_(L3a) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

each R_(L3b) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(L3b) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S:

L₄ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ hydrocarbon chain:

each of R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, CN, CH₂OR_(EE), CH₂N(R_(EE))₂, CH₂SR_(EE), OR_(EE), N(R_(EE))₂, Si(R_(EE))₃, or SR_(EE), or R_(E1) and R_(E3), or R_(E2) and R_(E3), or R_(E1) and R_(E2) are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

each R_(EE) is independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(EE) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

R_(E5) is halogen:

R_(E6) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

each Y is independently O, S, or NR_(E7);

R_(E7) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group:

a is 1 or 2: and

each z is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In one embodiment, X₁ is CH.

In one embodiment, X₁ is N.

In one embodiment, X₂ is CR₆.

In one embodiment, X₂ is N.

In one embodiment, X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)—.

In one embodiment, X₃ is —N═CR₂—.

In one embodiment, X₁ is N, X₂ is CR₆, and X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)—. In a further embodiment, R₆ is H.

In one embodiment, X₁ is N, X₂ is CR₆, and X₃ is —N═CR₂—. In a further embodiment, R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl. In a further embodiment, R₂ is methyl. In another further embodiment, R₂ is NH₂. In a further embodiment, R₆ is H.

In one embodiment, X₁ is N, X₂ is N, and X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)—.

In one embodiment, X₁ is CH, X₂ is N, and X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)—.

In one embodiment, X₁, X₂, or X₃, or any combination thereof, is as described above. and X₄ is NH.

In one embodiment, X₁, X₂, or X₃, or any combination thereof, is as described above, and X₄ is O.

In one embodiment, X₁, X₂, or X₃, or any combination thereof, is as described above, and X₄ is S.

In one embodiment, X₁ is N, X₂ is CR₆, X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)—, and X₄ is NH. In a further embodiment, R₆ is H. In a further embodiment, R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl. In a further embodiment, R₂ is methyl.

In one embodiment, the compound is of Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R₁ is H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1); and R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(b1), provided that when Q is (CH₂)₀, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, and R₃ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halogen, then R₁ is not substituted phenyl; or

R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R, is H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2);

R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₇;

R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R₇ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, or NR_(n3)R_(n4);

each R_(a1) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NH—C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl), NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁;

each R_(b1) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein at least one R_(b1) is W, or when the at least one R_(b1) is bonded to a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclyl ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom, R_(b1) is C(O)R₉;

each R_(a2) is independently W, NH—C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₀₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein at least one R_(a2) is W:

-   -   each R_(b2) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆         alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), or         heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered rings and 1 or 2         heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

each R₈ is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀;

each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R₄;

each R₁₁ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, NR_(n3)R_(n4), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, or C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl);

each R_(n1) and each R_(n2) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, or R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each R_(n3) and each R_(n4) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

W is NR₈C(O)R₉, C(O)R₉, or is of formula:

L₃ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with —C═O—, —O—, —S—, —NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —SC(═O)—, —C(═O)S—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR_(L3a)C(═S)—, —C(═S)NR_(L3a)—, trans-CR_(L3b)═CR_(L3b)—, cis-CR_(L3b)═CR_(L3b)—, —C≡C—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)O—, —OS(═O)—, —S(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂O—, —OS(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR_(L3a)—, or —NR_(L3a)S(═O)₂—;

R_(L3a) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

each R_(L3b) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(L3b) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S:

L₄ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ hydrocarbon chain:

each of R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, CN, CH₂OR_(EE), CH₂N(R_(EE))₂, CH₂SR_(EE), OR_(EE), N(R_(EE))₂, Si(R_(EE))₃, or SR_(EE), or R_(E1) and R_(E3), or R_(E2) and R_(E3), or R_(E1) and R_(E2) are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

each R_(EE) is independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(EE) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

R_(E5) is halogen;

R_(E6) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

each Y is independently O, S, or NR_(E7);

R_(E7) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

a is 1 or 2; and

each z is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

In one embodiment, the compound is of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R₁ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1); and R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(b1), provided that when Q is (CH₂)₀, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, and R₃ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halogen, then R, is not substituted phenyl; or

R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(a2): and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2);

R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₇;

R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R₇ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, or NR_(n3)R_(n4);

each R_(a1) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁;

each R_(b1) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein at least one R_(b1) is W, or when the at least one R_(b1) is bonded to a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclyl ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom, R_(b1) is C(O)R₉;

each R_(a2) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein at least one R_(a2) is W;

each R_(b2) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4);

each R₈ is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀;

each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4);

each R₁₁ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl:

each R_(n1) and each R_(n2) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, or R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl;

each R₃ and each R_(n4) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl,

W is NR₈C(O)R₉, C(O)R₉, or is of formula:

L₃ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with —C═O—, —O—, —S—, —NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)C(═O)—, —C(O)NR_(L3a)—, —SC(═O)—, —C(═O)S—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR_(L3a)C(═S)—, —C(═S)NR_(L3a)—, trans-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, cis-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, —C≡C—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)O—, —OS(═O)—, —S(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂O—, —OS(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR_(L3a)—, or —NR_(L3a)S(═O)₂—;

R_(L3a) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

each R_(L3b) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(L3b) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

L₄ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ hydrocarbon chain;

each of R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, CN, CH₂OR_(EE), CH₂N(R_(EE))₂, CH₂SR_(EE), OR_(EE), N(R_(EE))₂, Si(R_(EE))₃, or SR_(EE), or R_(E1) and R_(E3), or R_(E2) and R_(E3), or R_(E1) and R_(E2) are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;

each R_(EE) is independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(EE) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S:

R_(E5) is halogen;

R_(E6) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

each Y is independently O, S, or NR_(E7);

R_(E7) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

a is 1 or 2; and

each z is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

For any of the Formulae described herein, where applicable:

(I1) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(I2) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl. isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is piperidinyl or piperazinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(I3) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, each optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(I4) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(I5) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′: and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(I6) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′: and R₁ is H

(I7) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′: and R₁ is C₁-C₄ alkyl. In one embodiment, R₁ is methyl.

(I8) In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl). In one embodiment, R₁ is C(O)CH₃.

(II1) In one embodiment, in each of (11)-(18), R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is substituted with one or more R_(b1). In a further embodiment, R₂′ is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more R_(b1).

(II2) In one embodiment, in each of (11)-(18), R₂′ is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl, etc.) substituted with one or more R_(b1). In a further embodiment, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, or azepanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more R_(b1).

(II3) In one embodiment, in each of (I1)-(I8), R₂′ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(b1).

(II4) In one embodiment, in each of (I1)-(I8), R₂′ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) substituted with one or more R_(b1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyridinyl substituted with one or more R_(b1).

(III1) In one embodiment, in each of(II1)-(II4), Q is (CH₂)₀.

(III2) In one embodiment, in each of (II1)-(II4), Q is (CH₂)₁₋₃. In a further embodiment, Q is (CH₂)₁.

(III3) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂′ are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (11)-(18) and (II3) and (II4), Q is (CH₂)₀.

(III4) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂′ are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(I8) and (II1) and (II2), Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃. In a further embodiment, Q is (CH₂)₀. In a further embodiment, Q is (CH₂)₁.

(IV1) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is methyl.

(IV2) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl. and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is CH₂F, CHF₂, or CF₃.

(IV3) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is methoxy or ethoxy.

(IV4) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is OCH₂F, OCHF₂, or OCF₃.

(IV5) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is OH.

(IV6) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is F or Cl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is F.

(IV7) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NH₂. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(IV8) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein each R_(n1) and R_(n2) are H. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein each R_(n1) is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl), and R_(a2) is C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NH—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein R_(n1) and R_(n2) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl).

(IV9) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NH—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl).

(IV10) In one embodiment, in (IV8) or (IV9), at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)i-NR_(n1)R_(n2). In another further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2).

(IV 11) In one embodiment, in (IV8) or (IV9), at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄ —NR_(n1)R_(n2). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In another further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2).

(IV 12) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(IV 13) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4-to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(IV14) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(IV 15) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(IV16) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (IV 1)-(IV 15).

(IV17) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), and NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of(IV1)-(IV15).

(IV 18) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl. C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, and NR_(n3)R_(n4) are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (IV 1)-(IV 15).

(IV 19) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (IV1)-(IV15).

(IV20) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of(IV 1)-(IV 15).

(IV21) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (IV1)-(IV15).

(IV22) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NH—C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NH—C(O)—CH₂CH₃.

(IV23) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(V1) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with one R_(b1), and the one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉.

(V2) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more Rb*, one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(V3) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(V4) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

(V5) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b1) is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(V6) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is OH.

(V7) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(V8) In one embodiment, R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(b1) is NH₂. In one embodiment, at least one R_(b1) is NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(VI1) In one embodiment, R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2).

(VI2) In one embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with one or more R_(a2): and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) substituted with one or more R_(a2). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a2). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyridinyl substituted with one or more R_(a2).

(VII1) In one embodiment, in (VI1) or (VI2), R₂ is C₁-C₁ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2). In a further embodiment, R₂ is methyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2).

(VII2) In one embodiment, in (VI1) or (VI2), R₂ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2). In a further embodiment, R₂ is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2).

(VIII 1) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with one R_(a2), and the one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉.

(VIII2) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is methyl.

(VIII3) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is CH₂F, CHF₂, or CF₃.

(VIII4) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is methoxy or ethoxy.

(VIII5) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy. pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is OCH₂F, OCHF₂, or OCF₃.

(VIII6) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is OH.

(VIII7) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is F or Cl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is F.

(VIII8) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is NH₂. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(VIII9) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₁₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein each R_(n1) and R_(n2) are H. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein each R_(n1) is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl), and R_(n2) is C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NH—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein R_(n1) and R_(n2) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl).

(VIII 10) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NH—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl).

(VIII11) In one embodiment, in (VIII9) or (VIII10), R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)i-NR_(n1)R_(n2). In another further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2).

(VIII12) In one embodiment, in (VIII9) or (VIII10), R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R₂ is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In another further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2).

(VIII 13) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(VIII 14) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R₂, one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(VIII 5) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(VIII16) In one embodiment, R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉, and at least one R_(a2) is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(VIII 17) In one embodiment, R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is H.

(VIII18) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (VIII 1)-(VIII 16).

(VIII19) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁—NR_(n1)R_(n2), and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (VIII 1)-(VIII 16).

(VIII20) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, OH, O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (VIII1)-(VIII16).

(VIII21) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, halogen, and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (VIII1)-(VIII16).

(VIII22) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, and heteroaryl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (VIII1)-(VIII16).

(VIII23) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein the cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl are each as described herein, for example, where applicable, in any of (VIII 1)-(VIII 16).

(VIII24) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NH—C(O)—(C₁-C4 alkyl). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NH—C(O)—CH₂CH₃.

(VIII25) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O-heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is

In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is

(VIII26) In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(IX1) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(IX2) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(IX3) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

(IX4) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(IX5) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is OH.

(IX6) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(IX7) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is NH₂. In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(IX8) In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered rings and 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. In one embodiment, at least one R_(b2) is azetidinyl.

(X1) In one embodiment, at least one R₈ is H.

(X2) In one embodiment, at least one R₈ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XI) In one embodiment, each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl selected from ethenyl, n-propenyl, i-propenyl, n-butenyl, i-butenyl, and s-butenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀. In a further embodiment, at least one R₉ is ethenyl or n-propenyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀.

(XII1) In one embodiment, each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each H.

(XII2) In one embodiment, each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XIII1) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R₁ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is methyl.

(XIII2) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is CH₂F, CHF₂, or CF₃.

(XIII3) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is methoxy or ethoxy.

(XIII4) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is OCH₂F, OCHF₂, or OCF₃.

(XIII5) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is OH.

(XIII6) In one embodiment, least one R₁₁ is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I) or CN. In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is F or Cl. In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is F. In one embodiment, least one R₁₁ is CN.

(XIII7) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is NH₂. In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XIII8) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl).

(XIII9) In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4-to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl), halogen, or C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl) (e.g., C(O)—CH═CH₂). In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl), halogen, or C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl) (e.g., C(O)—CH═CH₂). In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one 5- to 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, or Br). In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more F. In one embodiment, at least one R₁₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl) (e.g., C(O)—CH═CH₂).

(XIV 1) In one embodiment, R₃ is phenyl or naphthyl optionally substituted with one or more R₇.

(XIV2) In one embodiment, R₃ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, indolonyl, isoindolyl, isoindolonyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₇. In a further embodiment, R₃ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more RT. In a further embodiment, R₃ is pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, or indolonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R₇.

(XV 1) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is methyl.

(XV2) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(XV3) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

(XV4) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I).

(XV5) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is OH.

(XV6) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is F or Cl. In a further embodiment, at least one R₇ is F.

(XV7) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is CN.

(XV8) In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is NH₂. In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein R_(n3) and R_(n4) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XVI1) In one embodiment, R₄ is H.

(XVI2) In one embodiment, R₄ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XVII1) In one embodiment, R₅ is H.

(XVII2) In one embodiment, R₅ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XVII1) In one embodiment, R₆ is H.

(XVII2) In one embodiment, R₆ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.

(XIX1) In one embodiment, W is NR₈C(O)R₉ or C(O)R₉.

(XIX2) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-1)-(i-5), (i-9)-(i-16), (i-18), (i-19), (i-28), (i-29), and (i-36)-(i-39).

(XIX3) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-1), (i-3), (1-9), (i-13), (i-14), (i-16), (i-18), (i-19), (i-29), and (i-36)-(i-39).

(XIX4) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-2), (i-10), (i-15), (i-28), and (i-34).

(XIX5) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-4), (i-5), and (i-10).

(XIX6) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-11) and (i-12).

(XIX7) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-6)-(i-8), (i-17), (i-20)-(i-27), (i-30)-(i-35), (i-40), and (i-41).

(XIX8) In one embodiment, W is selected from formulae (i-6)-(i-8), (i-17), (i-20)-(i-27), (i-30), (i-34), (i-40), and (i-41).

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(a2), R_(b1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), W, and Q can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(a2), R_(b1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), W, and Q.

(1) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I 1)-(III4), R₃ is as defined in (XIV 1).

(2) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4), R₃ is as defined in (XIV2).

(3) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (V1)-(VII2), R₃ is as defined in (XIV1).

(4) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (V1)-(VII2), R₃ is as defined in (XIV2).

(5) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(4), R₅ is as defined in (XVIII).

(6) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(4), R₅ is as defined in (XVII2).

(7) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₅, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(6), R₆ is as defined in (XVIII1).

(8) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₅, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(6), R₆ is as defined in (XVIII2).

(9) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(8), R₄ is as defined in (XVI1).

(10) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(8), R₄ is as defined in (XVI2).

(11) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV 16).

(12) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV 17).

(13) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV 18).

(14) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV 19).

(15) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV20).

(16) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV21).

(17) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV22).

(18) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4), R_(a1) is as defined in (IV23).

(19) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V1).

(20) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V2).

(21) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V3).

(22) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V4).

(23) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1) and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V5).

(24) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V6).

(25) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V7).

(26) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(I1)-(III4) and (11)-(18), R_(b1) is as defined in (V8).

(27) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII 17).

(28) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII 18).

(29) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII19).

(30) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI 1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII20).

(31) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII21).

(32) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII22).

(33) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII23).

(34) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII24).

(35) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII25).

(36) In one embodiment, R₁ and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2), R_(a2) is as defined in (VIII26).

(37) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX1).

(38) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX2).

(39) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX3).

(40) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX4).

(41) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX5).

(42) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX6).

(43) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX7).

(44) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, and R_(a2) are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(VI1)-(VII2) and (27)-(36), R_(b2) is as defined in (IX8).

(45) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(11)-(44), R₃ is as defined in (XIV 1).

(46) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (11)-(44), R₃ is as defined in (XIV2).

(47) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (11)-(46), R₅ is as defined in (XVII1).

(48) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(11)-(46), R₈ is as defined in (XVII2).

(49) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(11)-(48), R₆ is as defined in (XVIII1).

(50) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(11)-(48), R₆ is as defined in (XVIII2).

(51) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(11)-(50), R₄ is as defined in (XVI1).

(52) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(11)-(50), R₄ is as defined in (XVI2).

(53) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(452), W is as defined in (XIX1).

(54) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅·R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX2).

(55) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX3).

(56) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX4).

(57) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX5).

(58) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX6).

(59) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX7).

(60) In one embodiment, R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R_(a1), R_(b1), R_(a2), R_(b2), R₅, R₆, and Q are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (1)-(52), W is as defined in (XIX8).

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula I is of Formula Ia, Ia1, or Ia2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) are each as defined herein above in Formula I′ or Formula I;

X is N or CH; and

p1 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

(a1) In one embodiment, X is N.

(a2) In one embodiment, X is CH.

(a3) In one embodiment, p1 is 0.

(a4) In one embodiment, p1 is 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) can each be selected from any of the substituents as described herein, for example, in Formula I′ or Formula I.

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), p1, and X, for example, in any of Formulae I, Ia, Ia1, and Ia2, can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), p1, and X, for example, in any of Formulae I, Ia, Ia1, and Ia2.

(a5) In one embodiment, p1 is 0 and X is N.

(a6) In one embodiment, p1 is 0 and X is CH.

(a7) In one embodiment, p1 is 1, 2, or 3, and X is N.

(a8) In one embodiment, p1 is 1, 2, or 3, and X is CH.

(a9) In one embodiment, X and p1 are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (a1)-(a8), and R₁ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(a10) In one embodiment, X and p1 are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (a1)-(a8), and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(a11) In one embodiment, p1 is 0; X is N; and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(a12) In one embodiment, p1 is 0: X is CH; and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁. In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula I is of Formula Ib or Ib1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R₁, R₃, R₇, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), and Q are each as defined herein above in Formula I′ or Formula I;

m is 0, 1, 2, or 3:

n is 0, 1, or 2; and

p2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, when m and n are each 1, and R3 is substituted phenyl, then R₁ is not substituted phenyl.

(b1) In one embodiment, p2 is 0.

(b2) In one embodiment, p2 is 1, 2, or 3.

(b3) In one embodiment, n is 1 or 2.

(b4) In one embodiment, n is 1 or 2: and m is 0.

(b5) In one embodiment, n is 1 or 2; and m is 1.

(b6) In one embodiment, n is 1 or 2; and m is 2.

(b7) In one embodiment, n is 1 or 2; and m is 3.

(b8) In one embodiment, n is 1.

(b9) In one embodiment, n is 1: and m is 0.

(b10) In one embodiment, n is 1: and m is 1.

(b11) In one embodiment, n is 1; and m is 2.

(b12) In one embodiment, n is 1; and m is 3.

(b13) In one embodiment, n is 0; and m is 0.

(b14) In one embodiment, n is 0; and m is 1.

(b15) In one embodiment, n is 0; and m is 2.

(b16) In one embodiment, n is 0; and m is 3.

(b17) Q is (CH₂)₀.

(b18) Q is (CH₂)₁₋₃.

(b19) Q is (CH₂)₁.

In one embodiment, R₁, R₃, R₇, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) can each be selected from any of the substituents as described herein, for example, in Formula I′ or Formula I.

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₁, R₃, R₇, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), Q, p2, m, and n, for example, in any of Formulae I, Ib, and Ib1, can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₁, R₃, R₇, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), Q, p2, m, and n, for example, in any of Formulae I, Ib, and Ib1.

(b20) In one embodiment, p2 is as defined in (b1) or (b2), and m and n are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(b3)-(b16).

(b21) In one embodiment, Q is as defined in (b17), p2 is as defined in (b1) or (b2), and m and n are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(b3)-(b16).

(b22) In one embodiment, Q is as defined in (b17), p2 is as defined in (b1) or (b2), and m and n are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(b3)-(b12).

(b23) In one embodiment, Q is as defined in (b18), p2 is as defined in (b1) or (b2), and m and n are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(b3)-(b16).

(b24) In one embodiment, Q is as defined in (b19), p2 is as defined in (b1) or (b2), and m and n are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(b3)-(b16).

(b25) In one embodiment, p2, m, n, and Q are each as defined, wherein applicable, in any of (b1)-(b24), and R₁ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(b26) In one embodiment, p2, m, n, and Q are each as defined, wherein applicable, in any of(b1)-(b24), and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula I is of Formula Ic or Ic1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) are each as defined herein above in Formula I′ or Formula I;

m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and

p2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

(c1) In one embodiment, p2 is 0.

(c2) In one embodiment, p2 is 1, 2, or 3.

(c3) In one embodiment, m is 0.

(c4) In one embodiment, m is 1.

(c5) In one embodiment, m is 2.

(c6) In one embodiment, m is 3.

In one embodiment, R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) can each be selected from any of the substituents as described herein, for example, in Formula I′ or Formula I.

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), p2, and m, for example, in any of Formulae I, Ic, and Ic1, can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₁, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), p2, and m, for example, in any of Formulae I, Ic, and Ic1.

(c7) In one embodiment, p2 is 0, and m is 0.

(c8) In one embodiment, p2 is 0, and m is 1.

(c9) In one embodiment, p2 is 0, and m is 2.

(c10) In one embodiment, p2 is 0, and m is 3.

(c11) In one embodiment, p2 is 1, and m is 0.

(c12) In one embodiment, p2 is 1, and m is 1.

(c13) In one embodiment, p2 is 1, and m is 2.

(c14) In one embodiment, p2 is 1, and m is 3.

(c15) In one embodiment, p2 and m are each as defined, wherein applicable, in any of (c1)-(c14), and R₁ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

(c16) In one embodiment, p2 and m are each as defined, wherein applicable, in any of (c1)-(c14), and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, diazinyl, thiazinyl, dioxinyl, triazinyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl or pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1). In a further embodiment, R₁ is pyrazolyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).

In one embodiment, a compound of Formula I is of Formula Id, Id1, Id2, or Id3:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

R₂, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) are each as defined herein above in Formula I′ or Formula I;

X is N or CH;

R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, or halogen; and

p3 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

(d1) In one embodiment, X is N.

(d2) In one embodiment, X is CH.

(d3) In one embodiment, p3 is 0.

(d4) In one embodiment, p3 is 1.

(d5) In one embodiment, p3 is 2.

(d6) In one embodiment, p3 is 3.

(d7) In one embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl. In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is methyl.

(d8) In one embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is CH₂F, CHF₂, or CF.

(d9) In one embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy. In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is methoxy or ethoxy.

(d10) In one embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is OCH₂F, OCHF₂, or OCF₃.

(d11) In one embodiment, R_(a1)′ is OH.

(d12) In one embodiment, R_(a1)′ is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is F or Cl. In a further embodiment, R_(a1)′ is F.

In one embodiment, R₂, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), and R_(n4) can each be selected from any of the substituents as described herein, for example, in Formula I′ or Formula I.

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₂, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), R_(a1)′, X, and p3, for example, in any of Formulae I, Id, Id1, Id2, and Id3, can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₂, R₃, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), R_(a1)′, X, and p3, for example, in any of Formulae I, Id, Id1, Id2, and 1d3.

(d13) In one embodiment, X is N, and p3 is as defined in any of(d4)-(d6).

(d14) In one embodiment, X is CH, and p3 is as defined in any of(d4)-(d6).

(d15) In one embodiment, X is N, and p3 is as defined in any of(d3).

(d16) In one embodiment, X is CH, and p3 is as defined in any of(d3).

(d17) In one embodiment, X, p3, and R_(a1)′ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (d1)-(d16), and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2). In a further embodiment, R₂ is methyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2). In a further embodiment, R₂ is methyl.

(d18) In one embodiment, X, p3, and R_(a1)′ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of (d1)-(d16), and R₂ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl selected from cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2). In a further embodiment, R₂ is cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2).

(d19) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein each R_(a1) and R_(n4) are H. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein each Ran is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl), and R_(n2) is C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NH—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein R_(n1) and R_(n2) are each independently C₁-C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, or t-butyl).

(d20) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2) or NH—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), wherein R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, azepanyl, oxazepanyl, diazepanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl). In a further embodiment, R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl ring optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl).

(d21) In one embodiment, in (d19) or (d20), at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₁—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In another further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is O—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2).

(d22) In one embodiment, in (d23) or (d24), at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In another further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2).

(d23) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S (e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, oxazetidinyl, diazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, oxadiazolidinyl, isoxadiazolidinyl, thiadiazolidinyl, isothiadiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, hexahydropyridazinyl, hexahydropyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, triazinanyl, etc.) optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or piperazinyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁.

(d24) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable. in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ alkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is methyl.

(d25) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkyl, including methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ haloalkyl selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is CH₂F, CHF₂, or CF₃.

(d26) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable. in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched alkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ alkoxy selected from methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is methoxy or ethoxy.

(d27) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₆ straight-chain or C₃-C₆ branched haloalkoxy, including methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexyloxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy selected methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy, each of which is substituted with one or more halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is OCH₂F, OCHF₂, or OCF₃.

(d28) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is OH.

(d29) In one embodiment, X, p3, R_(a1)′, and R₂ are each as defined, where applicable, in any of(d1), (d2), (d4)-(d14), (d17), and (d18), and at least one R_(a1) is halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I). In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is F or Cl. In a further embodiment, at least one R_(a1) is F.

In one embodiment, the compound is of Formula Ie1 or Ie2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₂ and R_(a1) are each as defined herein above in Formula I′ or Formula I.

In one embodiment, each R_(a1) is independently R_(a1a) or R_(a1b), wherein R_(a1a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl), C₁-C₆ haloalkyl (e.g., CHF₂, CH₂F, or CF₃), C₁-C₆ alkoxy (e.g., OCH₃), C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy (e.g., OCHF₂, OCH₂F, or OCF₃), or halogen (e.g., F or Cl); and R_(a1b) is

In one embodiment, one R_(a1) is R_(a1a), and the other one R_(a1) is R_(a1b).

In one embodiment, R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is substituted with one or more R_(b1).

In one embodiment, R₂ is CH₂—R₂ ′, wherein R₂′ is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is substituted with one or more R_(b1).

In one embodiment, R₂ is CH₂—R₂′, wherein R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl is substituted with one or more R_(b1).

In one embodiment, R₂ is

In one embodiment, the compound is of Formula Ie3 or Ie4:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, R_(a1a) is methyl, ethyl, CHF₂, CH₂F, CF₃, OCH₃, OCHF₂, OCH₂F, OCF₃, F, or Cl; and R_(a1b) is

In one embodiment, R₂ is

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₂ and R_(a1) can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₂ and R_(a1).

In one embodiment, the compound is of any one of Formulae Xa, Xb, Xc, Xd, and Xe:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment, R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is H, NH₂, or C₁-C₄ alkyl. In one embodiment, R₁ is phen substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is H. In one embodiment, R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is NH₂. In one embodiment, R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl. In one embodiment, R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is methyl.

In one embodiment, R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with one or more R₇. In one embodiment, R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with two R₇. In one embodiment, R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with two halogen. In one embodiment, R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl optionally substituted with two F.

In one embodiment, R₄ is H. In one embodiment, Re is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In one embodiment, R₅ is H. In one embodiment, R₅ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In one embodiment, both of R₄ and R₅ are H.

In one embodiment, R₆ is H. In one embodiment, R₆ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is halogen. In one embodiment, at least one R₇ is F.

In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is C₁-C₆ alkoxy. In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is methoxy.

In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is O—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂.

In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₂—NR_(n1)R_(n2). In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is N(CH₃)—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂.

In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is

In one embodiment, at least one R_(a2) is

In one embodiment, at least one W is

In one embodiment, L₃ is —NR_(L3a)—. In one embodiment, R_(L3a) is H.

In one embodiment, R_(E1) is H. In one embodiment, R_(E2) is H. In one embodiment, R_(E3) is H. In one embodiment, R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) are each H.

In one embodiment, Y is O.

Any of the substituents described herein for any of R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(a2), R_(b1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), W, L₃, L₄, R_(L3a), R_(L3b), R_(E1), R_(E2), R_(E3), R_(E4), R_(E5), R_(E6), R_(E7), R_(EE), Y, a, and z, for example, in any of Formulae X, I, I′, and Xa-Xe, can be combined with any of the substituents described herein for one or more of the remainder of R₁, R₂, R₂′, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R_(a1), R_(a2), R_(b1), R_(b2), R_(n1), R_(n2), R_(n3), R_(n4), W, L₃, L₄, R_(L3a), R_(L3b), R_(E1), R_(E2), R_(E3), R_(E4), R_(E5), R_(E6), R_(E7), R_(EE), Y, a, and z, for example, in any of Formulae X, I, I′, and Xa-Xe.

Non-limiting illustrative compounds of the application are listed in Tables 1-6.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the compounds disclosed in Tables 1-6 (e.g., Compound Nos. 1-144).

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the compounds disclosed in Tables 1-5 (e.g., Compound Nos. 1-137).

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the compounds disclosed in Table 6 (e.g., Compound Nos. 138-144).

TABLE 1 Compound Structure # 1

1b

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

TABLE 2 Compound # Structure 15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

TABLE 3 Compound # Structure 29

30

31

32

33

34

35

TABLE 4 Compound # Structure 36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

TABLE 5 Com- pound # Structure 80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

TABLE 6 Com - pound # Structure 138

139

140

141

142

143

144

The compounds of the application may inhibit one or more receptors of the ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase family. For example, a compound of the present application may inhibit EGFR, HER2, HER3, and/or HER4, and/or any mutant thereof. In some embodiments, a compound of the present application inhibits EGFR. In some embodiments, a compound of the present application inhibits a mutant EGFR. In some embodiments, a compound of the present application inhibits HER2. In some embodiments, a compound of the present application inhibits a mutant HER2. In some embodiments, a compound of the present application inhibits EGFR and HER2 and/or a mutant thereof.

The compounds of the application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of EGFR containing one or more mutations. In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR contains one or more mutations described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of EGFR containing one or more mutations, but do not affect the activity of a wild-type EGFR.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold or 100-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit up to 1000-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 2-fold to about 10-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 10-fold to about 100-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 100-fold to about 1000-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 1000-fold to about 10000-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of HER2 containing one or more mutations. In some embodiments, the mutant HER2 contains one or more mutations described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of HER2 containing one or more mutations, but do not affect the activity of a wild-type HER2.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold or 100-fold greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit up to 1000-fold greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 2-fold to about 10-fold greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 10-fold to about 100-fold greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 100-fold to about 1000-fold greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 1000-fold to about 10000-fold greater inhibition of HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type HER2.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations. In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR or mutant HER2 contains one or more mutations described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present application are capable of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) the activity of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations, but do not affect the activity of a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit at least 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold or 100-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit up to 1000-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 2-fold to about 10-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 10-fold to about 100-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 100-fold to about 1000-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application exhibit from about 1000-fold to about 10000-fold greater inhibition of EGFR containing one or more mutations and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2.

More potent modulation (e.g., inhibition) of EGFR containing one or more mutations and/or HER2 containing one or more mutations, such as those described herein, relative to a wild-type EGFR or a wild-type HER2, provides a novel approach to the treatment or prevention of diseases including, but not limited to, cancer and metastasis, inflammation, arthritis, systemic lupus erthematosus, skin-related disorders, pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease, ischemia, neurodegenerative disorders, liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, viral and bacterial infections, central nervous system disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and peripheral neuropathy.

In some embodiments, the inhibition of activity of EGFR or HER2 or a mutant thereof is measured by IC₅₀.

In some embodiments, the inhibition of activity of EGFR or HER2 or a mutant thereof is measured by EC₅₀.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are potent inhibitor of a drug-resistant EGFR mutant relative to a wild-type EGFR. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are more potent than one or more known EGFR inhibitors, including but not limited to gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, osimertinib, neratinib, canertinib, sapitinib, mubritinib, irbinitinib, WZ4002, CL-387,785, CP-724714, CUDC-101, AEE788, AC480, and TAK-285. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are at least about 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, or about 100-fold more potent (e.g., as measured by IC₅₀) than one or more known EGFR inhibitors, including but not limited to gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, osimertinib, neratinib, canertinib, sapitinib, mubritinib, irbinitinib, WZ4002, CL-387,785, CP-724714, CUDC-101, AEE788, AC480, and TAK-285.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are potent inhibitor of a drug-resistant HER2 mutant relative to a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are more potent than one or more known HER2 inhibitors. including but not limited to gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, osimertinib, neratinib, canertinib, sapitinib, mubritinib, irbinitinib, WZ4002, CL-387,785, CP-724714, CUDC-101, AEE788, AC480, TAK-285, poziotinib, and pyrotinib. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are at least about 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold or about 100-fold more potent (e.g., as measured by IC₅₀) than one or more known HER2 inhibitors, including but not limited to gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, osimertinib, neratinib, canertinib, sapitinib, mubritinib, irbinitinib, WZ4002, CL-387,785, CP-724714, CUDC-101, AEE788, AC480, TAK-285, poziotinib, and pyrotinib.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are potent inhibitor of a drug-resistant EGFR mutant and drug-resistant HER2 mutant relative to a wild-type EGFR and a wild-type HER2. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are more potent than one or more known EGRF and/or HER2 inhibitors, including but not limited to gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, osimertinib, neratinib, canertinib, sapitinib, mubritinib, irbinitinib, WZ4002, CL-387,785, CP-724714, CUDC-101, AEE788, AC480, TAK-285, poziotinib, and pyrotinib. In some embodiments, the compounds of the application are at least about 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold or about 100-fold more potent (e.g., as measured by IC₅₀) than one or more known EGRF and/or HER2 inhibitors, including but not limited to gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, osimertinib, neratinib, canertinib, sapitinib, mubritinib, irbinitinib, WZ4002, CL-387,785, CP-724714, CUDC-101, AEE788, AC480, TAK-285, poziotinib, and pyrotinib.

Potency of a compound can be determined by IC₅₀ value. A compound with a lower IC₅₀ value, as determined under substantially similar conditions, is a more potent inhibitor relative to a compound with a higher IC₅₀ value. In some embodiments, the substantially similar conditions comprise determining an EGFR-dependent or a HER2-dependent phosphorylation level in cells expressing a wild-type EGFR, a wild-type HER2, or a mutant thereof, such as those described herein, or a fragment of any thereof.

The selectivity between wild-type EGFR and EGFR containing one or more mutations as described herein or between wild-type HER2 and HER2 containing one or more mutations as described herein can be measured using cellular proliferation assays where cell proliferation is dependent on kinase activity. For example, Ba/F3 cells transfected with wild-type EGFR, or Ba/F3 cells transfected with a mutant EGFR can be used. Proliferation assays are performed at a range of inhibitor concentrations (10 μM, 3 μM, 1.1 μM, 330 nM, 110 nM, 33 nM, 11 nM, 3 nM, I nM) and an EC₅₀ is calculated.

An alternative method to measure effects on EGFR and/or HER2 activity is to assay phosphorylation of wild-type EGFR, wild-type HER2, and/or a mutant thereof, such as those described herein. Wild-type EGFR, wild-type HER2, or a mutant thereof, such as those described herein, can be transfected into cells which do not normally express endogenous EGFR or HER2. The ability of the inhibitor (using concentrations as above) to inhibit phosphorylation can be assayed.

Another aspect of this application is an isotopically labeled compound of any of the compounds disclosed herein. Such compounds have one or more isotope atoms which may or may not be radioactive (e.g., ³H, ²H, ¹⁴C, ¹³C, ¹⁸F, ³⁵, ³²P, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I) introduced into the compound. Such compounds are useful for drug metabolism studies and diagnostics, as well as therapeutic applications.

Definitions

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this application. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, refers to saturated, straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing, In some embodiments, between one and six, or one and eight carbon atoms, respectively. Examples of C₁-C₆ alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl radicals; and examples of C₁-C₈ alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, octyl radicals.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety containing, In some embodiments, from two to six, or two to eight carbon atoms having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The double bond may or may not be the point of attachment to another group. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, heptenyl, octenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety containing, In some embodiments, from two to six, or two to eight carbon atoms having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The triple bond may or may not be the point of attachment to another group. Alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 1-methyl-2-butyn-1-yl, heptynyl, octynyl and the like.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl radical.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or poly-cyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or more aromatic rings, fused or non-fused, including, but not limited to. phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or poly-cyclic (e.g., bi-, or tri-cyclic or more) fused or non-fused, radical or ring system having at least one aromatic ring, having from five to ten ring atoms of which at least one ring atom is selected from S, O, and N; zero, one, or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently selected from S, O, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon. Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like.

In accordance with the application, any of the heteroaryls and substituted heteroaryls described herein, can be any aromatic group. Aromatic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” or “carbocyclyl” as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring compound. Examples of C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclooctyl; and examples of C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl, and bicyclo [2.2.2] octyl. Also contemplated is a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like.

The term “heterocyclyl,” as used herein, refers to a non-aromatic 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused of non-fused system, where (i) each ring contains between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, (ii) each 5-membered ring has 0 to 1 double bonds and each 6-membered ring has 0 to 2 double bonds, (iii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and (iv) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Representative heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, [1,3]dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl.

The term “alkylamino” refers to a group having the structure NH(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl), e.g., NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl), where C₁-C₆ alkyl is as previously defined.

The term “dialkylamino” refers to a group having the structure N(C₁-C₁₂ alkyl)2, e.g., N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, where C₁-C₆ alkyl is as previously defined.

The terms “hal,” “halo,” and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

As described herein, a compound of the application may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the application. It will be appreciated that the phrase “optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted.” In general, the term “substituted”, whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, refers to the replacement of hydrogen in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, and the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.

It is understood that the alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, or the like can be substituted, by independent replacement of one, two, or three or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including, but not limited to:

—F, —C₁, —Br, —I, —OH, protected hydroxy, —NO₂, —CN, —NH₂, protected amino, —NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH-heterocycloalkyl, -dialkylamino, -diarylamino, -diheteroarylamino, —O—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —O—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —O—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —O—C3-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —C(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)— heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —CONH₂, —CONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —CONH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —CONH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —CONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH-heterocycloalkyl, —OCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —OCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCONH— C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —OCONH— C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —OCONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NH—C(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)—heterocycloalkyl, —NHCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(O)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, NHC(O)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH—C₃-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl,—NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NH—C(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NH—C(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH-aryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)-aryl, —NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)-heterocycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, C(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH-aryl, —C(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —C(NH)NHheterocycloalkyl, —S(O)—C₁-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —S(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)—heteroaryl, —S(O)-heterocycloalkyl —SO₂NH-2, —SO₂NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —SO₂NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHSO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHSO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂SO₂CH₃, -aryl, -arylalkyl, -heteroaryl, -heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, —C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy, -methoxymethoxy, -methoxyethoxy, —SH, —S—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —S—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —S—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, or methylthiomethyl.

In some embodiments, the substituent present on a nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as an amino protecting group). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, —OH, —OR, —N(R)2, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)N(R)2, —CO₂R, —SO₂R, —C(═NR)R, —C(═NR)OR, —C(═NR)N(R)2, —SO₂N(R)2, —SO₂R, —SO₂OR, —SOR, —C(═S)N(R)2, —C(═O)SR, —C(═S)SR, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C₆₋₁₄ aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by reference.

For example, nitrogen protecting groups such as amide groups (e.g., —C(═O)R) include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide, 3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide, p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide, acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-o-nitrophenyl)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide, 2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide, 3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine derivative, o-nitrobenzamide, and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.

Nitrogen protecting groups, such as carbamate groups (e.g., —C(═O)OR), include, but are not limited to, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate, 2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC), I-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc), I-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and 4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz), p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate, 2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxyacylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate, 2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate, p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.

Nitrogen protecting groups, such as sulfonamide groups (e.g., —S(═O)₂R), include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide, 2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr), 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb), 2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte), 4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide (Ms), β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide, 4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS), benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.

Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative, N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothioacyl derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted 1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted 3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine, N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy ]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxy propylamine, N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine, N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr), N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr), N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF), N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine, N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine, N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine, N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine, N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine, N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine, N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine, N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine, N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative, N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide, and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).

As used herein, a “leaving group” (LG) is an art-understood term referring to a molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage, wherein the molecular fragment is an anion or neutral molecule. As used herein, a leaving group can be an atom or a group capable of being displaced by a nucleophile. See, for example, Smith, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry 6th ed. (501-502). Exemplary leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halo (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo) and activated substituted hydroxyl groups (e.g., —OC(═O)SR, —OC(═O)R, —OCO₂R, —OC(═O)N(R)₂, —OC(═NR)R, —OC(═NR)OR, —OC(═NR)N(R)₂, —OS(═O)R, —OSO₂R, —OP(R)₂, —OP(R)₃, —OP(═O)₂R, —OP(═O)R)2, —OP(═O)(OR)2, —OP(═O)₂N(R)₂, and —OP(═O)(NR)2). Examples of suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen (such as F, Cl, Br, or I (iodine)), alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, alkanesulfonyloxy, arenesulfonyloxy, alkyl-carbonyloxy (e.g., acetoxy), arylcarbonyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, N,O-dimethylhydroxylamino, pixyl, and haloformates. In some cases, the leaving group is a sulfonic acid ester, such as toluenesulfonate (tosylate, -OTs), methanesulfonate (mesylate, -OMs), p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy (brosylate, -OBs), or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, -OTf). In some cases, the leaving group is a brosylate, such as p-bromobenzenesulfonyloxy.

In some cases, the leaving group is a nosylate, such as 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy. In some embodiments, the leaving group is a sulfonate-containing group. In some embodiments, the leaving group is a tosylate group. The leaving group may also be a phosphineoxide (e.g., formed during a Mitsunobu reaction) or an internal leaving group such as an epoxide or cyclic sulfate. Other non-limiting examples of leaving groups are water, ammonia, alcohols, ether moieties, thioether moieties, zinc halides, magnesium moieties, diazonium salts, and copper moieties.

The term “cancer” includes, but is not limited to, the following cancers: epidermoid Oral: buccal cavity, lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx: Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, and teratoma: Lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell or epidermoid, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma: Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, larynx, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel or small intestines (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel or large intestines (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma), colon, colon-rectum, colorectal, rectum; Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor (nephroblastoma), lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma): Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma, biliary passages: Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors: Nervous system: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma (pinealoma), glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma): Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma (serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma), granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma), breast: Hematologic: blood (myeloid leukemia (acute and chronic), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (malignant lymphoma) hairy cell: lymphoid disorders; Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis, Thyroid gland: papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma: medullary thyroid carcinoma, undifferentiated thyroid cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B, familial medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma; and Adrenal glands: neuroblastoma. Thus, the term “cancerous cell” as provided herein, includes a cell afflicted by any one of the above-identified conditions.

WZ4002 refers to a compound of the following structure:

AZD9291, or osimertinib, refers to a compound of the following structure:

CL-387,785 refers to a compound of the following structure:

CP-724714 refers to a compound of the following structure:

CUDC-101 refers to a compound of the following structure:

AEE788 refers to a compound of the following structure:

AC480 refers to a compound of the following structure:

TAK-285 refers to a compound of the following structure:

The term “EGFR” herein refers to epidermal growth factor receptor kinase.

The term “HER2”, “Her2”, “ERBB2”, or “Erbb2” herein refers to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, HER2 is also known as CD340 or Neu.

As used herein, the term “mutant EGFR” or “EGFR mutant” refers to EGFR with one or more mutations. In some embodiments, the EGFR mutant has one or more mutations of exon 18, exon 19 (e.g., exon 19 deletion or exon 19 insertion), exon 20 (e.g., exon 20 insertion), and/or exon 21.

In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR contains one or more mutations selected from an exon 19 deletion (Del 19), an exon 20 insertion (Ins 20), L718Q, G719S, G719C, G719A, D761Y, T790M, C797S, L844V, T854A, L858R, L861Q, 1941R, V948R, D770delinsGY, D770_N771insSVD, V769_D770insASV, Y764_V765insHH, H773dupH, D770_N771insNPG, H773_V774insNPH, P772_H773insPNP, N771_P772insH, A775_G776insYVMA, A763_Y764insFQEA, V774_C₇₇₅insHV, N771_P772insV, D770_N771insGL, N771delinsGY, and H773_V774insAH. In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR contains one or more mutations selected from D770delinsGY, D770_N771insSVD, V769_D770insASV, Y764_V765insHH, H773dupH, D770_N771insNPG, H773_V774insNPH, P772_H773insPNP, and N771_P772insH.

In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR contains a combination of two or more mutations (such as mutations described herein). In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR contains a combination of two or more mutations selected from Del 19,L718Q, Del 19/T790M, Del 19′L844V, Del 19:T7901M′L718Q, Del/T790M/C797S, Del 19/T790M/L844V, L858R/L718Q, L858R/L844V, L858R/T790M, L858R/T790M/L718Q, L858R/T790M/C797S, and L858R/T790M/1941R.

An EGFR sensitizing mutation comprises without limitation G719S, G719C, G719A, L861Q, L858R, Del 19, and/or Ins 20. A drug-resistant EGFR mutant can have without limitation a drug resistance mutation comprising L718Q, D761Y, T790M, T854A, D770delinsGY, D770_N771insSVD, V769_D770insASV, Y764_V765insHH, A775_G776insYVMA, and/or H773dupH.

As used herein, the term “mutant HER2” or “HER2 mutant” refers to HER2 with one or more mutations. In some embodiments, the HER2 mutant has one or more mutations of exon 18, exon 19 (e.g., exon 19 deletion or exon 19 insertion), exon 20 (e.g., exon 20 insertion), and/or exon 21.

In some embodiments, the mutant HER2 contains one or more mutations selected from an exon 19 deletion (Del 19), an exon 20 insertion (Ins 20), T798M, T7981, L869R, A775_G776insYVMA, A775_G776insSVMA, A775_G776insI, G776delinsVC, G776delinsLC, P780_Y781insGSP, M774delinsWLV, and G778_S779insCPG. In some embodiments, the mutant EGFR contains a combination of two or more mutations (such as mutations described herein).

The term “subject” as used herein refers to a mammal. A subject therefore refers to, for example, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, guinea pigs, and the like. Preferably the subject is a human. When the subject is a human, the subject may be referred to herein as a patient.

“Treat”, “treating”, and “treatment” refer to a method of alleviating or abating a disease and/or its attendant symptoms.

“Prevent”, “preventing”, and “prevention” describes reducing or eliminating the onset of a disease, condition, or disorder and/or symptoms or complications thereof.

The terms “disease(s)”, “disorder(s)”, and “condition(s)” are used interchangeably, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective amount” of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the application, as used herein, means a sufficient amount of the compound or pharmaceutical composition so as to decrease the symptoms of a disorder in a subject. As is well understood in the medical arts a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of this application will be at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present application will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific inhibitory dose for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed: the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment: drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts of the compounds formed by the process of the present application which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the application, or separately by reacting the free base or acid function with a suitable acid or base.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, nontoxic acid addition salts: salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid, or with organic acids such as acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to esters of the compounds formed by the process of the present application which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs” as used herein, refers to those prodrugs of the compounds formed by the process of the present application which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the present application. “Prodrug”, as used herein, means a compound which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g., by hydrolysis) to afford any compound delineated by the formulae of the instant application. Various forms of prodrugs are known in the art, for example, as discussed in Bundgaard, (ed.), Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder, et al. (ed.), Methods in Enzymology, vol. 4. Academic Press (1985); Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al., (ed). “Design and Application of Prodrugs, Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Chapter 5, 113-191 (1991); Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Drug Deliver Reviews, 8:1-38(1992): Bundgaard, J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77:285 et seq. (1988); Higuchi and Stella (eds.) Prodrugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975): and Bernard Testa & Joachim Mayer, “Hydrolysis In Drug And Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry, Biochemistry And Enzymology,” John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. (2002).

This application also encompasses pharmaceutical compositions containing, and methods of treating disorders through administering, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of compounds of the application. For example, compounds of the application having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can be converted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds wherein an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues is covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group of compounds of the application. The amino acid residues include but are not limited to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also includes 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone. Additional types of prodrugs are also encompassed. For instance, free carboxyl groups can be derivatized as amides or alkyl esters. Free hydroxy groups may be derivatized using groups including but not limited to hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxy carbonyls, as outlined in Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1996, 19, 1 15. Carbamate prodrugs of hydroxy and amino groups are also included, as are carbonate prodrugs, sulfonate esters and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups. Derivatization of hydroxy groups as (acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers wherein the acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, are also encompassed. Prodrugs of this type are described in J. Med Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including but not limited to ether, amine and carboxylic acid functionalities.

The application also provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the application, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, stereoisomer, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect, the application provides a kit comprising a compound capable of inhibiting protein kinase activity of at least one protein kinase selected from one or more compounds disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, optionally in combination with a second agent and instructions for use in treating cancer. In one embodiment, the compound in the kit inhibits more than one protein kinase

In another aspect, the application provides a method of synthesizing a compound disclosed herein. The synthesis of the compounds of the application can be found herein and in the Examples below. Other embodiments are a method of making a compound of any of the formulae herein using any one, or combination of, reactions delineated herein. The method can include the use of one or more intermediates or chemical reagents delineated herein.

A compound of the application can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid. Alternatively, a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt of a compound of the application can be prepared by reacting the free acid form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Alternatively, the salt forms of the compounds of the application can be prepared using salts of the starting materials or intermediates.

The free acid or free base forms of the compounds of the application can be prepared from the corresponding base addition salt or acid addition salt from, respectively. For example, a compound of the application in an acid addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free base by treating with a suitable base (e.g., ammonium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide, and the like). A compound of the application in a base addition salt form can be converted to the corresponding free acid by treating with a suitable acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid, etc.).

Prodrugs of the compounds of the application can be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (e.g., for further details see Saulnier et al., (1994), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, p. 1985). For example, appropriate prodrugs can be prepared by reacting a non-derivatized compound of the application with a suitable carbamylating agent (e.g., 1,1-acyloxyalkylcarbanochloridate, para-nitrophenyl carbonate, or the like).

Protected derivatives of the compounds of the application can be made by means known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal can be found in T. W. Greene, “Protecting Groups in Organic Chemistry”, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1999.

Compounds of the present application can be conveniently prepared or formed during the process of the application, as solvates (e.g., hydrates). Hydrates of compounds of the present application can be conveniently prepared by recrystallization from an aqueous/organic solvent mixture, using organic solvents such as dioxin, tetrahydrofuran or methanol.

Acids and bases useful in the methods herein are known in the art. Acid catalysts are any acidic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g., hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric acids, aluminum trichloride) or organic (e.g., camphorsulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, ytterbium triflate) in nature. Acids are useful in either catalytic or stoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions. Bases are any basic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide) or organic (e.g., triethylamine, pyridine) in nature. Bases are useful in either catalytic or stoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this application are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).

When any variable (e.g., R₇) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with one or more R₇ moieties, then R₇ at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R₇. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds within a designated atom's normal valency.

In addition, some of the compounds of this application have one or more double bonds, or one or more asymmetric centers. Such compounds can occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers, diastereomeric mixtures, and cis- or trans- or E- or Z-double isomeric forms, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states: thus a carbon-carbon double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion. All such isomeric forms of such compounds are expressly included in the present application.

Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described herein, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981).

“Isomerism” means compounds that have identical molecular formulae but differ in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers”, and stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers. A mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is termed a “racemic mixture”.

A carbon atom bonded to four non-identical substituents is termed a “chiral center”.

“Chiral isomer” means a compound with at least one chiral center. Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed “diastereomeric mixture”. When one chiral center is present, a stereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. The substituents attached to the chiral center under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385: errata 511: Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951 (London), 612: Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81: Cahn, J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 116).

“Geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations are differentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.

Furthermore, the structures and other compounds discussed in this application include all atropic isomers thereof “Atropic isomers” are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques; it has been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases.

“Tautomer” is one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another. This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom accompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomers exist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. In solutions where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomers that are interconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.

Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonly observed. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of the aldehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (—OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic (ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose. Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim, amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g., in nucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), amine-enamine and enamine-enamine. The compounds of this application may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the application expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein (e.g., alkylation of a ring system may result in alkylation at multiple sites, the application expressly includes all such reaction products).

In the present application, the structural formula of the compound represents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but the present application includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers, optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers, tautomers, and the like. In the present specification, the structural formula of the compound represents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but the present application includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers, optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers, tautomers, and the like.

Additionally, the compounds of the present application, for example, the salts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Non-limiting examples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Non-limiting examples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvate” means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H₂O.

The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. In addition, the solvents, temperatures, reaction durations, etc. delineated herein are for purposes of illustration only and one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that variation of the reaction conditions can produce the desired bridged macrocyclic products of the present application. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

The compounds of this application may be modified by appending various functionalities via any synthetic means delineated herein to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.

The compounds of the application are defined herein by their chemical structures and/or chemical names. Where a compound is referred to by both a chemical structure and a chemical name, and the chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the compound's identity.

The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

Methods of Synthesizing the Compounds

A compound of the present application may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. The synthetic processes of the application can tolerate a wide variety of functional groups, therefore various substituted starting materials can be used. The processes generally provide the desired final compound at or near the end of the overall process, although it may be desirable in certain instances to further convert the compound to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof Suitable synthetic routes are depicted in the schemes below.

A compound of the present application can be prepared in a variety of ways using commercially available starting materials, compounds known in the literature, or from readily prepared intermediates, by employing standard synthetic methods and procedures either known to those skilled in the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light of the teachings herein. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for the preparation of organic molecules and functional group transformations and manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard textbooks in the field. Although not limited to any one or several sources, classic texts such as Smith, M. B., March, J., March 's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001; and Greene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999, incorporated by reference herein, are useful and recognized reference textbooks of organic synthesis known to those in the art. The following descriptions of synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not to limit, general procedures for the preparation of a compound of the present application.

A compound disclosed herein may be prepared by methods known in the art of organic synthesis as set forth in part by the following synthetic schemes. In the schemes described below, it is well understood that protecting groups for sensitive or reactive groups are employed where necessary in accordance with general principles or chemistry. Protecting groups are manipulated according to standard methods of organic synthesis (T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Third edition, Wiley, New York 1999). These groups are removed at a convenient stage of the compound synthesis using methods that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The selection processes, as well as the reaction conditions and order of their execution, shall be consistent with the preparation of a compound disclosed herein.

Those skilled in the art will recognize if a stereocenter exists in a compound disclosed herein. Accordingly, the present application includes both possible stereoisomers (unless specified in the synthesis) and includes not only racemic compounds but the individual enantiomers and/or diastereomers as well. When a compound is desired as a single enantiomer or diastereomer, it may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis or by resolution of the final product or any convenient intermediate. Resolution of the final product, an intermediate, or a starting material may be affected by any suitable method known in the art. See, for example, “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds” by E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen, and L. N. Mander (Wiley-Interscience, 1994).

All the abbreviations used in this application are found in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, or the MERCK INDEX by MERCK & Co., Inc, or other chemistry books or chemicals catalogs by chemicals vendor such as Aldrich, or according to usage know in the art.

By way of example, a compound of the present application can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include but are not limited to those methods described below.

In one embodiment, a compound of the present application can be synthesized by following the steps outlined in General Scheme A. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.

In one embodiment, a compound of the present application may also be prepared according to General Scheme B. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.

In one embodiment, a compound of the present application may also be prepared according to General Scheme C. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.

In one embodiment, a compound of the present application may also be prepared according to General Scheme D. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.

In one embodiment, a compound of the present application may also be prepared according to General Scheme E. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.

A mixture of enantiomers, diastereomers, and/or cis/trans isomers resulting from the processes described above can be separated into their single components by chiral salt technique, chromatography using normal phase, or reverse phase or chiral column, depending on the nature of the separation.

It should be understood that in the description and formulae shown above, the various groups, such as R₁-R₆, m, and n, are as defined herein, except where otherwise indicated. Furthermore, for synthetic purposes, the compounds in the Schemes are mere representatives with elected substituents to illustrate the general synthetic methodology of a compound disclosed herein.

Starting materials, reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and were used without further purification unless otherwise noted. All reactions were monitored using a Waters Acquity UPLC/MS system (Waters PDA eλ, Detector, QDa Detector, Sample manager-FL, Binary Solvent Manager) using Acquity UPLC® BEH C 18 column (2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm particle size): solvent gradient=85% A at 0 min, 1% A at 1.6 min; solvent A=0.1% formic acid in Water; solvent B=0.1% formic acid in Acetonitrile; flow rate: 0.6 mL/min. Reaction products were purified by flash column chromatography using CombiFlash®Rf with Teledyne Isco RediSep®Rf columns (4 g, 12 g, 24 g, 40 g, or 80 g) and Waters HPLC system using SunFire™ Prep C18 column (19×100 mm, 5 μm particle size): solvent gradient=80% A at 0 min, 10% A at 25 min; solvent A=0.035% TFA in Water; solvent B=0.035% TFA in MeOH; flow rate: 25 mL/min. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on 500 MHz Bruker Advance III spectrometers. Chemical shifts are reported relative to methanol (δ=3.30), chloroform (δ=7.24) or dimethyl sulfoxide (δ=2.50) for ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. Data are reported as (br=broad, s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet).

Biological Assays

A compound of the present application can be tested for its activity with various biological assays. Suitable assays include, but are not limited to, western blot analysis, MTS assay, and cell titer glo luminescent cell viability assay. Non-limiting, representative assays are described briefly below.

Proliferation Inhibition Assay

Cell growth inhibition can be assessed by MTS assay or by Cell Titer Glo Luminescent Cell viability assay (Promega®). Cells are seeded and grow in culture plates before they are exposed to representative compounds of the application for various duration. The viability of the cells are then assessed. Data are normalized to untreated cells and displayed graphically using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc.). The growth curves can be fitted using a nonlinear regression model with sigmoidal dose response.

Western Blot Analysis

Cells are seeded and grow in culture plates, and then treated with representative compounds of the application the following day for various duration. Cells are washed with PBS and lysed. The lysates are separated by SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and probed with the appropriate antibodies, such as phospho-EGFR(Tyr1068) (3777), total EGFR (2232), p-Akt(Ser473) (4060), total Akt (9272), p-ERK(Thr202/Tyr204) (4370), total ERK (9102), and HSP90 (SC-7947).

In addition, various types of cell lines may be used in testing the compound of the present application. Non-limiting illustrative cell lines are listed in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7  Target Cell Line Name Amino Acid Change Nucleotide Change EGFR Ins GY D770delinsGY 2308_2309InsGTT Ins SVD D770_N771insSVD 2301_2309DupCAGCGTGGA Ins ASV V769_D770insASV 2297_2305DupTGGCCAGCG Ins HH Y764_V765insHH 2290_2291InsACCATC Ins H H773dupH 2316_2317InsCAC Ins NPG D770_N771insNPG 2309_2310insCAACCCCGG DFCI 58 (or H773_V774insNPH 2311_2319dupAACCCCCAC DFCI 58-229) DFCI 127 (or P772_H773insPNP 2317_2318insCGAACCCCC DFCI 127c) DFCI 362JC N771_P772insH HER2 Ins YVMA A775_G776insYVMA 2311_2322dup Ins VC G776delinsVC 2326_2327insIGT Ins GSP P780_Y781insGSP 2331_2339dupGGGCTCCCC Ins WLV M774delinsWLV 2320delinsTGGCTGG Ins CPG G778_S779insCPG 2335_2336insGCCCAGGCT

Methods of the Application

Another aspect of the present application relates to a method of modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) EGFR and/or HER2, and/or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

Another aspect of the present application relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder (e.g., cancer) in which EGFR and/or HER2, and/or a mutant thereof, plays a role, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

In some embodiments, the disease or disorder is resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy. In some embodiments, the EGFR targeted therapy and/or the HER2 targeted therapy is a therapy with an inhibitor of EGFR, HER2, and/or a mutant thereof, such as the inhibitors described herein.

In some embodiments, the disease is cancer or a proliferative disease.

In some embodiments, the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2. In some embodiments, the cancer is a cancer of B cell origin. In some embodiments, the cancer is a lineage dependent cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is a lineage dependent cancer where EGFR and/or HER2, and/or a mutant thereof, plays a role in the initiation and/or development of the cancer.

In some embodiments, the subject is identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, the application provides a method of treating any of the disorders described herein, wherein the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the application provides a method of preventing any of the disorders described herein, wherein the subject is a human.

Another aspect of the present application relates to a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for modulating (e.g., inhibiting or decreasing) EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: for treating or preventing a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; for treating or preventing a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; for treating or preventing cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2: or for treating or preventing a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

Another aspect of the present application relates to a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for use in the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; in the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2: or in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

Another aspect of the present application relates to use of a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, in the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; in the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

Another aspect of the present application relates to a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; for the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

Another aspect of the present application relates to use of a compound of the present application (e.g., a compound of Formula I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder; for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder resistant to an EGFR targeted therapy and/or a HER2 targeted therapy; for the treatment or prevention of cancer, wherein the cancer cell comprises a mutant EGFR and/or a mutant HER2; or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder, such as a kinase mediated disease or disorder in a subject identified as being in need of modulation (e.g., inhibition or decrease) of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof for the treatment or prevention of the disease or disorder.

In some embodiments, the EGFR is a wild-type EFGR. In other embodiments, the EFGR has one or more mutations, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, the HER2 is a wild-type HER2. In other embodiments, the HER2 has one or more mutations, such as those described herein.

One aspect of this application provides compounds that are useful for the treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions characterized by excessive or abnormal cell proliferation. Such diseases include, but are not limited to, a proliferative or hyperproliferative disease. Examples of proliferative and hyperproliferative diseases include, without limitation, cancer. The term “cancer” includes, but is not limited to, the following cancers: breast, ovary; cervix; prostate; testis, genitourinary tract; esophagus: larynx, glioblastoma; neuroblastoma; stomach; skin, keratoacanthoma; lung, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, bone; colon: colorectal; adenoma; pancreas, adenocarcinoma: thyroid, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma: seminoma; melanoma: sarcoma; bladder carcinoma; liver carcinoma and biliary passages; kidney carcinoma; myeloid disorders; lymphoid disorders, Hodgkin's, hairy cells; buccal cavity and pharynx (oral), lip, tongue, mouth, pharynx; small intestine; colonrectum, large intestine, rectum, brain and central nervous system: chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and leukemia. The term “cancer” includes, but is not limited to, the following cancers: myeloma, lymphoma, or a cancer selected from gastric, renal, or and the following cancers: head and neck, oropharangeal, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), endometrial, hepatocarcinoma, Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and pulmonary.

The term “cancer” refers to any cancer caused by the proliferation of malignant neoplastic cells, such as tumors, neoplasms, carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas and the like. For example, cancers include, but are not limited to, mesothelioma, leukemias and lymphomas such as cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL), noncutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphomas, lymphomas associated with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), B-cell lymphoma, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma, acute-myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), or hepatocellular carcinoma. Further examples include myelodisplastic syndrome, childhood solid tumors such as brain tumors, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms' tumor, bone tumors, and soft-tissue sarcomas, common solid tumors of adults such as head and neck cancers (e.g., oral, laryngeal, nasopharyngeal and esophageal), genitourinary cancers (e.g., prostate, bladder, renal, uterine, ovarian, testicular), lung cancer (e.g., small-cell and non-small cell), breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma and other skin cancers, stomach cancer, brain tumors, tumors related to Gorlin's syndrome (e.g., medulloblastoma, meningioma, etc.), and liver cancer. Additional exemplary forms of cancer which may be treated by the subject compounds include, but are not limited to, cancer of skeletal or smooth muscle, stomach cancer, cancer of the small intestine, rectum carcinoma, cancer of the salivary gland, endometrial cancer, adrenal cancer, anal cancer, rectal cancer, parathyroid cancer, and pituitary cancer.

Additional cancers that the compounds described herein may be useful in preventing, treating and studying are, for example, colon carcinoma, familiary adenomatous polyposis carcinoma and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, or melanoma. Further, cancers include, but are not limited to, labial carcinoma, larynx carcinoma, hypopharynx carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer (medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma), renal carcinoma, kidney parenchyma carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, uterine corpus carcinoma, endometrium carcinoma, chorion carcinoma, testis carcinoma, urinary carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, meningioma, medulloblastoma and peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, gall bladder carcinoma, bronchial carcinoma, multiple myeloma, basalioma, teratoma, retinoblastoma, choroidea melanoma, seminoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, craniopharyngeoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, myosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and plasmocytoma. In one aspect of the application, the present application provides for the use of one or more a compound of the application in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer, including without limitation the various types of cancer disclosed herein.

This application further embraces the treatment or prevention of cell proliferative disorders such as hyperplasias, dysplasias and pre-cancerous lesions. Dysplasia is the earliest form of pre-cancerous lesion recognizable in a biopsy by a pathologist. The subject compounds may be administered for the purpose of preventing said hyperplasias, dysplasias or pre-cancerous lesions from continuing to expand or from becoming cancerous. Examples of pre-cancerous lesions may) occur in skin, esophageal tissue, breast and cervical intraepithelial tissue.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect, the application provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, salt, or prodrug thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A compound of the application can be administered as pharmaceutical compositions by any conventional route, in particular enterally, e.g., orally, e.g., in the form of tablets or capsules, or parenterally, e.g., in the form of injectable solutions or suspensions, topically, e.g., in the form of lotions, gels, ointments or creams, or in a nasal or suppository form. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the present application in free form or in a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in association. For example, oral compositions can be tablets or gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with a) diluents, e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or glycine; b) lubricants, e.g., silica, talcum, stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt and/or polyethyleneglycol; for tablets also c) binders, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and or polyvinylpyrrolidone; if desired d) disintegrants, e.g., starches, agar, alginic acid or its sodium salt, or effervescent mixtures; and/or e) absorbents, colorants, flavors and sweeteners. Injectable compositions can be aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories can be prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions. The compositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances. Suitable formulations for transdermal applications include an effective amount of a compound of the present application with a carrier. A carrier can include absorbable pharmacologically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host. For example, transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound to the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin. Matrix transdermal formulations may also be used. Suitable formulations for topical application, e.g., to the skin and eyes, are preferably aqueous solutions, ointments, creams or gels well-known in the art. Such may contain solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present application comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present application formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. The pharmaceutical compositions of this application can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), buccally, or as an oral or nasal spray.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, com, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in tum. may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing a compound of this application with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this application include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this application.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this application, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this application, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

According to the methods of treatment of the present application, disorders are treated or prevented in a subject, such as a human or other animal, by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the application, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result. The term “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the application, as used herein, means a sufficient amount of the compound so as to decrease the symptoms of a disorder in a subject. As is well understood in the medical arts a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this application will be at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.

In general, a compound of the application will be administered in therapeutically effective amounts via any of the usual and acceptable modes known in the art, either singly or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents. A therapeutically effective amount may vary widely depending on the severity of the disease, the age and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compound used and other factors. Therapeutic amounts or doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.

Upon improvement of a subject's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this application may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. The subject may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present application will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific inhibitory dose for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g., a compound of the application and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g., a compound of the application and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific time limits, wherein such administration provides therapeutically effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g., the administration of three or more active ingredients.

Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, or potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylenepolyoxypropylene-block polymers, wool fat, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil: olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil: glycols: such a propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate, agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid: pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. The protein kinase inhibitors or pharmaceutical salts thereof may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to animals or humans. These pharmaceutical compositions, which comprise an amount of the protein inhibitor effective to treat or prevent a protein kinase-mediated condition and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, are other embodiments of the present application.

In another aspect, the application provides a kit comprising a compound capable of inhibiting kinase activity selected from one or more compounds of disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, and instructions for use in treating cancer.

In another aspect, the application provides a kit comprising a compound capable of inhibiting EGFR and/or HER2 activity selected from a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof.

The application is further illustrated by the following examples and synthesis schemes, which are not to be construed as limiting this application in scope or spirit to the specific procedures herein described. It is to be understood that the examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments and that no limitation to the scope of the application is intended thereby. It is to be further understood that resort may be had to various other embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present application and/or scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Synthesis of Compound 1 Step 1: Synthesis of ethyl 4-((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)phenyl)amino)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate

To a solution of ethyl 4-chloro-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (9.30 g, 40.0 mmol) and tert-butyl (3-aminophenyl)carbamate (10.0 g, 48.0 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (100 mL) was added potassium carbonate (11.0 g, 80.0 mmol). After stirring for 2 hr at 80° C., the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the cold water was added to the mixture. The precipitate was filtered and dried by blowing nitrogen gas to obtain ethyl 4-((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)phenyl)amino)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (15.4 g, 95%) as a yellow solid.

Step 2: Synthesis of tert-Butyl (3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate

To a solution of ethyl 4-((3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)phenyl)amino)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine-5-carboxylate (7.0 g, 17.31 mmol) in dry THF (60 mL) was added dropwise 2 M lithium aluminum hydride solution in THF (21.6 mL, 43.3 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed up to −20° C. and stirred for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding Rochelle's solution and stirred for 1 hr. The white precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in EtOAc, washed with sat. NaHCO₃, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc:Hexane=2:8 to 8:2) to give tert-butyl (3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (4.10 g, 65%) a sticky oil.

Step 3: Synthesis of tert-Butyl(3-((5-formyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate

To a solution tert-butyl (3-((5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (980 mg, 2.70 mmol) in dry DCM (20 mL) was added activated MnO₂ (1.20 g, 13.5 mmol). After stirring for 4 hr at 35° C., the suspension was filtered through pad of celite. The filtrate was washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography to give tert-butyl (3-((5-formyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (820 mg, 84%) as a yellow solid.

Step 4: Synthesis of tert-butyl (3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy-2-(methylthio)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate

The mixture of tert-butyl (3-((5-formyl-2-(methylthio)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)carbamate (260 mg, 0.721 mmol), ethyl 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)acetate (214 mg, 1.08 mmol), K₂CO₃ (300 mg, 2.16 mmol) were dissolved in dry N-methyl-2pyrrolidone (5 mL). After stirring for 6 hr at 120° C., the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into excess water. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with water. The sold was dried by blowing nitrogen gas to obtain tert-butyl (3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (285 mg, 80%) as a brown solid.

Step 5: Synthesis of tert-butyl (3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate

To a solution of tert-butyl (3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate (200 mg, 0.404 mmol) in dry DCM (4 mL) was added 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (300 mg, 1.46 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and then, stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. After that, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and quenched using sat. sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃and bring, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude compound was used to next step without further purification.

Step 6: Synthesis of 8-(3-aminophenyl)-6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

To a solution of tert-butyl (3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate in 2-butanol (4 mL) were added 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (79.5 mg, 0.600 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 8 hr and then, cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used to next step without further purification.

Step 7: Synthesis of N-(3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)acrylamide

To a solution of 8-(3-aminophenyl)-6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one in THF/sat.NaHCO₃mixture (1:1, 2 mL) was added dropwise acryloyl chloride (32.0 μL, 0.400 mmol). After stirring for 30 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep HPLC to give N-(3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (Compound 1: 48.0 mg, 48%, three steps) as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.10 (m, 6H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 498.50 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2. Synthesis of Compound 2

Compound 2 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz; DMSO-d6) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.47 (ddd, J=11.3, 8.7, 2.9, 1H), 7.36 (td, J=9.3, 5.5, 1H), 7.17-7.06 (m, 3H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.1, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=17.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 516.52 [M+H]⁺.

Example 3. Synthesis of Compound 3

Compound 3 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.35 (td, J=9.3, 5.5, 1H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.15-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.1, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=17.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.55 (m, 1H), 2.98-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.26 (br s, 3H), 2.17-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.55 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 599.65 [M+H]⁺.

Example 4. Synthesis of Compound 4

Compound 4 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz; DMSO-d6) δ 10.42 (s, 1H), 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (br s, 1H), 7.64-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.36 (td, J=9.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=16.8, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.80-5.75 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.36 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 546.53 [M+H]⁺.

Example 5. Synthesis of Compound 5

Compound 5 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.37 (s, 1H), 10.21 (s, 1H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s. 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.59-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.16-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.43 (dd, J=17.1, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (br d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (br d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H); LC/MS (ESI) min 552.53 [M+H]⁺.

Example 6. Synthesis of Compound 6

Compound 6 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.39 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.37 (td, J=9.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.57-6.52 (m, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.1, 10.1 Hz. 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=16.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (br s, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.10 (br s, 4H), 2.68 (br s, 4H), 2.41 (br s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 640.71 [M+H]⁺.

Example 7. Synthesis of Compound 7

Compound 7 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.47 (s, 1H), 10.03-9.68 (m, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.97 (br s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.36 (td, J=9.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.14 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.59 (br s, 2H) 6.47 (dd, J=17.1, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=17.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (br s, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (br s, 4H), 3.13-2.88 (m, 4H), 2.76 (br s, 3H), 2.67-2.47 (m, 5H), 1.82 (br s, 2H), 1.51 (br s, 2H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 693.79 [M+H]⁺.

Example 8. Synthesis of Compound 8

Compound 8 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.42 (br s, 1H), 9.09 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (br s, 1H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.47 (ddd, J=11.3, 8.7, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (td, J=9.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=17.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, J=10.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 1.26 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 560.28 [M+H]⁺.

Example 9. Synthesis of Compound 9

Compound 9 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.11 (m, 6H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=10.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=1.8, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.80-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.61 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.29-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.60 (m, 2H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 581.59 [M+H]⁺.

Example 10. Synthesis of Compound 10

Compound 10 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.34 (s, 1H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.63-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.47 (ddd, J=3.1, 8.7, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.06 (m, 3H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.73 (dt, J=5.9, 15.4 Hz, 1H), 6.30-6.26 (m, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.06 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 6H): LCMS (ESI) m/z 573.30 [M+H]⁺.

Example 11. Synthesis of Compound 11

Compound 11 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 10.28 (s, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.91 (br t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (br d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.79 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.64 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.12-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=5.4, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=10.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, J=1.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 499.40 [M+H].

Example 12. Synthesis of Compound 12

Compound 12 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.54 (s, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1H), 8.85 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.91 (br t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.71-7.66 (m. 1H), 7.54 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (br s, 1H), 7.08-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J=5.5, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=10.1, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=1.8, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=1.9, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (br, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 499.40 [M+H]⁺.

Example 13. Synthesis of Compound 13

Compound 13 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.09 (m, 1H), 7.87 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.77 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (t. J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J=3.4, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (br d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=10.2, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=1.8, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=1.8, 10.1 Hz., 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 499.44 [M+H]⁺.

Example 14. Synthesis of Compound 14

Compound was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 1.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.34 (s, 1H), 10.24 (br s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.12-8.10 (m, 1H), 7.85-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.70-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.52 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J=3.4, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (br s, 1H), 7.09 (br d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=10.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=1.9, 17.0 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J=1.9, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (br s, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 499.44 [M+H]^(*.)

Example 15. Synthesis of Compound 15 Step 1: Synthesis of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

To a solution of 4-amino-2-(methylthio)pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde (782 mg, 4.63 mmol) and ethyl 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)acetate (1.30 g, 6.01 mmol) in dry N-methyl-2pyrrolidone (12 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (1.78 g, 12.9 mmol). After stirring for 8 hr at 100° C., the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into excess water. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with water. The sold was dried by blowing nitrogen gas to obtain 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (1.07 mg, 72%) as a brown solid.

Step 2: (R)-3-(6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (400 mg, 1.24 mmol), triphenylphosphine (650 mg, 2.48 mmol) and tert-butyl (S)-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (374 mg, 1.86 mmol) was added DIAD (0.730 mL, 3.72 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring for 12 hr, the mixture was poured into 0.5 N HCl solution. The suspension was filtered and the solid was dried by blowing nitrogen gas to obtain tert-butyl (R)-3-(6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (407 mg, 65%) as a yellow solid.

Step 3: (R)-3-(6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

To a solution of tert-butyl (R)-3-(6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.595 mmol) in dry DCM (6 mL) was added 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (308 mg, 1.78 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and then, stirred at room temperature for 1 hr. After that, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and quenched using sat. sodium thiosulfate. The organic layer was washed with sat. NaHCO₃and bring, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude compound was used to next step without further purification.

Step 4: (R)-6-(2, 4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-8-(piperidin-3-yl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

To a solution of tert-butyl (R)-3-(6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate in 2-butanol (3.5 mL) were added 1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-amine hydrochloride (191 mg, 1.43 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 8 hr and then, cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was used to next step without further purification.

Step 5: (R)-8-(1-acryloylpiperidin-3-yl)-6-(2, 4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino) pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

To a solution of (R)-6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-8-(piperidin-3-yl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one in THF/sat.NaHCO₃mixture (1:1, 4 mL) was added dropwise acryloyl chloride (78.0 μL, 0.952 mmol). After stirring for 30 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep HPLC to give (R)-8-(1-acryloylpiperidin-3-yl)-6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (Compound 15: 72.0 mg, 24%, three steps) as a yellow solid.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.47 (br s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J=11.2, 8.6, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (td, J=9.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.97 (m, 1H), 6.74 (dd, J=16.2, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (br s, 1H), 4.28 (br s, 2H), 4.01 (br s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.88 (br s, 1H), 2.76 (qd, J=12.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 1H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 508.27 [M+H].

Example 16. Synthesis of Compound 16

Compound 16 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.49 (br s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J=11.4, 8.6, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (td, J=9.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 1H), 6.82 (br d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 6.68-6.57 (m, 1H), 5.36 (br s. 1H), 4.55-3.92 (br m, 4H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.65 (br s, 2H), 2.84-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.61 (br s, 6H), 1.93 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 1.62-1.48 (m, 1H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 565.33 [M+H]⁺.

Example 17. Synthesis of Compound 17

Compound 17 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LC/MS (ESI) m/z 591.36 [M+H]⁺.

Example 18. Synthesis of Compound 18

Compound 18 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.47 (br s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J=11.4, 8.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (td, J=9.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.97 (m, 1H), 6.74 (dd, J=15.9, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.63 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (br s, 1H), 4.29 (br s, 2H), 4.02 (br s, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.88 (br s, 1H). 2.76 (qd, J=12.4, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 508.31 [M+H]⁺.

Example 19. Synthesis of Compound 19

Compound 19 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.45 (br s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.28 (ddd, J=11.2, 8.6, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (td, J=9.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01-6.95 (m, 1H), 6.68-6.52 (m, 2H), 5.33 (br s. 1H), 4.42-3.91 (br m, 4H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.23 (br s, 2H), 2.78-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.29 (br s, 6H), 1.88 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.78 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 1.58-1.44 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 565.38 [M+H]⁺.

Example 20. Synthesis of Compound 20

Compound 20 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LC/MS (ESI) m/z 591.40 [M+H]⁺.

Example 21. Synthesis of Compound 21

Compound 21 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LC/MS (ESI) m/z 508.31 [M+H]⁺.

Example 22. Synthesis of Compound 22

Compound 22 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LC/MS (ESI) m/z 494.23 [M+H]⁺.

Example 23. Synthesis of Compound 23

Compound 23 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LC/MS (ESI) m/z 522.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 24. Synthesis of Compound 24

Compound 24 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LC/MS (ESI) m/z 522.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 25. Synthesis of Compound 25

Compound 25 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

LCMS (ESI) m/z 522.31 [M+H]⁺.

Example 26. Synthesis of Compound 26

Compound 26 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.99 (br s, 1H), 8.69 (br s, 1H), 7.87 (br s, 1H), 7.58-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.54-6.37 (m. 1H), 6.13-6.04 (m, 1H), 5.66-5.58 (m, 1H), 4.49-4.35 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.36-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 508.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 27. Synthesis of Compound 27

Compound 27 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.94-9.66 (m, 1H), 8.67 (br s, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=10.1, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J=2.1, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (dd, J=2.0, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.51-5.36 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.84 (br s, 3H), 2.99-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.65 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 494.19 [M+H]⁺.

Example 28. Synthesis of Compound 28

Compound 28 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 15.

¹NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.00-9.71 (m, 1H), 8.68 (br s, 1H), 7.93-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.55 (br s, 1H), 7.48-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J=10.4, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (dd, J=2.4, 16.5 Hz, 1H), 5.71-5.68 (m, 1H), 5.68-5.57 (m, 1H), 4.71-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.23 (m, 1H), 3.82 (br s, 3H), 3.12 (t, J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 2.75-2.56 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.68 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI) m: 508.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 29. Synthesis of Compound 29 Step 1: Synthesis of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-2-(methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

To a solution of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-(methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (1.00 g, 3.11 mmol) and potassium carbonate (860 mg, 6.22 mmol) in dry N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (6 mL) was added iodomethane (291 μL, 4.67 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hr and poured into a cold 0.5 N HCl solution. The precipitate was filtered and dried by blowing nitrogen gas to give 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-2-(methylthio)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (879 mg, 84%6) as a light yellow solid.

Step 2: Synthesis of 6-(2, 4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one was prepared using the same method which was used to synthesize tert-butyl (3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-(methylsulfonyl)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)carbamate. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (EtOAc:DCM=0:100 to 100:0) yielding the title compound (878 mg, 91%) as a light yellow solid.

Step 3: Synthesis of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

To a solution of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (878 mg, 2.39 mmol) and 4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (1.34 g, 7.17 mmol) in dry 2-butanol (8.4 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (4.8 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 24 hr. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and an excess of diethyl ether was added. The resulting precipitate was filtered. re-dissolved in DCM and washed repeatedly with sat. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido [2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (574 mg, 51%) as a light yellow solid.

Step 4: Synthesis of 6-(2, 4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

6-(2,4-Difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (189 mg, 0.40 mmol) and N,N,N′-trimethylethylenediamine (104 μL, 0.80 mmol) were dissolved in dry dioxane (4 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 8 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in EtOAc and washed repeatedly with sat. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was used to the next step without further purification.

Step 5: Synthesis of 2-((5-amino-4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d ]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (222 mg, 0.40 mmol) and tin(II) chloride dihydrate (903 mg, 4.0 mmol) were suspended in EtOAc (9 mL).

Subsequently, a catalytic amount of conc. HCl (37%) was added. The resulting clear solution was stirred at 45° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with an excess of EtOAc. The pH was adjusted to pH 5-6 by dropwise addition of NH₄OH solution, after which the mixture was further neutralized to pH 7 by adding an excess of anhydrous Na₂CO₃. The resulting white precipitate was filtered through a pad of celite and washed with MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was re-dissolved in a mixture of CHCl₃/iPrOH (4:1) and washed repeatedly with sat. NaHCO₃ The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was used to the next step without further purification.

Step 6: Synthesis of N-(5-((6-(2, 4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide

N-(5-((6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)(methyl)amino)-4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide was synthesized by following the analogous procedure of N-(3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)acrylamide. (Compound 29: 32 mg, 14%, three steps, pale yellow solid).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.95 (br s, 1H), 8.90 (br s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.25 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.04 (m, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.50 (br s, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=1.8, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.77-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.06-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.49-2.05 (br m, 8H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z: 580.69 [M+H]⁺.

Example 30. Synthesis of Compound 30 Step 1: Synthesis of 6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

6-(2,4-Difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-fluoro-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (101 mg, 0.21 mmol) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethan-1-ol (63 μL, 0.63 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture of THF/10 N NaOH (3:1, 4 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in DCM and washed repeatedly with water. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was used to the next step without further purification.

Step 2: Synthesis of 2-((5-amino-4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

6-(2,4-Difluorophenoxy)-2-((4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)amino)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (90 mg, 0.17 mmol), iron powder (47 mg, 0.85 mmol), and ammonium chloride (91 mg, 1.70 mmol) were suspended in a mixture of THF/MeOH/H₂O (5:2:1, 2 mL). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred at 80° C. for 30 min. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography (DCM: 1.75 N NH₃ in MeOH=100:0 to 80:20) to give 2-((5-amino-4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-2-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (55 mg. 52%, two steps) as a light yellow solid.

Step 3: Synthesis of N-(5-((6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide

N-(5-((6-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-8-methyl-7-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)acrylamide was synthesized by following the analogous procedure of N-(3-(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-7-oxopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8(7H)-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (Compound 30; 11 mg, 17%, pale yellow solid).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.64 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.63 (br s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.23 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (tdd, J=1.7, 3.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J=10.1, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.74-5.71 (m, 1H), 4.20 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.31 (br s, 6H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 567.30 [M+H]⁺.

Example 31. Synthesis of Compound 31

Compound 31 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 29 and Example 30.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.97 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.65 (br s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=5.6, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 6.60 (dd, J=10.2, 17.2 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=1.7, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 2.86 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 4H), 2.58-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.25 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 578.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 32. Synthesis of Compound 32

Compound 32 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 29 and Example 30.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.67 (br s, 2H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=5.6, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (tdd, J=1.7, 3.1, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H). 6.66 (dd, J=10.4, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=1.8, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H). 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.03 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.70-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.50 (m, 4H), 2.41-2.21 (m, 5H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.66 (m, 2H): LC/MS (ESI) m/z 661.36 [M+H]⁺.

Example 33. Synthesis of Compound 33

Compound 33 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 29 and Example 30.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.41 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.56 (br s, 1H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.23 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 6.56-6.49 (m, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=1.8, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.70 (m, 1H), 4.24 (br s, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 2.98-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.54 (m, 4H), 1.76 (br s, 4H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 593.58 [M+H]⁺.

Example 34. Synthesis of Compound 34

Compound 34 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 29 and Example 30.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.33 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.86 (br s, 1H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.22 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.53-6.47 (m, 2H), 6.19 (dd, J=1.8, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.70-5.67 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.17 (m, 3H), 2.76 (br s, 1H), 2.21 (br s, 6H), 2.12-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.71 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 592.59 [M+H]⁺.

Example 35. Synthesis of Compound 35

Compound 35 was synthesized according to the procedures described in Example 29 and Example 30.

¹H NMR (500 MHz; DMSO-d₆) δ 9.15 (br s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.47 (br s, 1H), 7.48-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.23 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (tdd, J=1.7, 3.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.60 (dd, J=10.2, 16.6 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.72-5.70 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.19 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 2.89-2.53 (m, 10H), 2.35 (br s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI) m/z 622.64 [M+H]⁺.

Example 36. Synthesis of Compound 80

Compound 80 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 517.27 ([M+H]⁺⁾

Example 37. Synthesis of Compound 81

Compound 81 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (br s, 1H), 7.66-7.57 (m, 3H), 7.32 (dd, J=9.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (td, J=8.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.1. 10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=16.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 3H).

Example 38. Synthesis of Compound 82

Compound 82 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz. DMSO-d₆) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.64 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.17 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, J=10.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H).

Example 39. Synthesis of Compound 83

Compound 83 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.95 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.56-8.54 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.07 (tdd, J=1.5, 3.0, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dt, J=5.9, 15.4 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.10 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (s, 6H).

Example 40. Synthesis of Compound 84

Compound 84 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.58-8.55 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.44 (dd, J=10.1, 16.8 Hz. 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=2.1, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.74-5.70 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H).

Example 41. Synthesis of Compound 85

Compound 85 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz; DMSO-d₆) δ 10.12 (br s, 1H), 8.92 (br s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.69 (br s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.49 (ddd, J=2.9, 8.7, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (td, J=5.6, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (tdd, J=1.5, 3.0, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.39 (dd, J=10.1, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 6.28-6.23 (m, 1H), 5.76-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.24 (q, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.91-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.33-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.21 (br s, 6H).

Example 42. Synthesis of Compound 86

Compound 86 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 10.27 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.68-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.51 (ddd, J=9.1, 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.51-6.38 (m, 2H), 6.33-6.21 (m, 2H), 5.80-5.75 (m, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H).

Example 43. Synthesis of Compound 87

Compound 87 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.45 (s, 1H), 10.04 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.72 (m, 3H), 7.68-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.15 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.79-5.75 (m, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H).

Example 44. Synthesis of Compound 88

Compound 88 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz; 1H), 7.77 (br s, 2H), 7.62 (t, 1=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dt, J=6.0, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 3H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.1, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=16.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd J=10.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H).

Example 45. Synthesis of Compound 89

Compound 89 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (br s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.33 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.48-6.40 (m, 1H), 6.29-6.22 (m, 1H), 5.80-5.75 (m, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H).

Example 46. Synthesis of Compound 90

Compound 90 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 10.04 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=2.8 Hz; 1H), 8.32 (dd, J=4.8, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.76 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J=8.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (dd, J=8.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.1, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=17.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H).

Example 47. Synthesis of Compound 91

Compound 91 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d₆) δ 10.52 (s, 1H), 10.30 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.16-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.82 (s. 1H), 6.45 (dd, J=17.2, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.29-6.21 (m, 1H), 6.20 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.80-5.74 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H).

Example 48. Synthesis of Compound 92

Compound 92 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.01 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=2.3, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (tdd, J=1.7, 3.0, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=10.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.72 (m, 1H), 4.23 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.07-2.98 (m, 4H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.82 (m, 2H).

Example 49. Synthesis of Compound 93

Compound XX was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.15 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s, 1H), 8.55 (br s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.48 (ddd, J=3.1, 8.7, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (td, J=5.5, 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.11-7.06 (m, 2H), 6.47 (dd, J=10.1, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.77-5.74 (m, 1H), 4.40 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.91-3.78 (m, 7H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.79 (m, 2H).

Example 50. Synthesis of Compound 94

Compound 94 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz. DMSO-d₆) δ 9.98 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.38 (dd, J=2.4, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (tdd, J=1.5, 3.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J=10.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.74-5.71 (m, 1H), 4.38 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 2.47-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.07 (s, 6H).

Example 51. Synthesis of Compound 95

Compound 95 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.12 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.51 (br s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.48 (ddd. J=3.1, 8.7, 11.4 Hz 1H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.05 (m. 2H), 6.46 (dd, J=10.2, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.76-5.73 (m, 1H), 4.38 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.43 (br s, 6H), 1.94-1.87 (m, 2H).

Example 52. Synthesis of Compound 96

Compound 96 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.04 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 2H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.26 (td, J=9.3, 5.5, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 1H), 7.11-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.8, 1H). 6.44 (dd, J=16.9, 10.1, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=17.0, 2.0, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J=10.1, 2.0, 1H), 4.87 (ddt, J=7.6, 5.1, 2.4, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=10.4, 2.0, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J=10.5, 5.3, 1H), 2.36-2.21 (m, 5H), 1.89-1.81 (m, 1H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 548.87 ([M+H ]⁺)

Example 53. Synthesis of Compound 97

Compound 97 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.07 (s, 1H), 9.49 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H),

7.55-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.26 (m, =14.8, 8.9, 3.7, 2H), 7.08 (m, J=9.3, 3.1, 1.6, 2H), 6.43 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=17.0, 1.8, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J=10.1, 1.9, 1H), 4.70-4.45 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.14-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.78 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.17 (m, 1H). 2.21-1.86 (m, 3H), 1.87-1.67 (m, 1H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 562.79 ([M+H]⁺)

Example 54. Synthesis of Compound 98

Compound 98 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 592.87 ([M+H]⁺)

Example 55. Synthesis of Compound 99

Compound 99 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz; DMSO-d₆) δ 12.37 (s, 1H), 10.01 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 7.45 (ddd, J=11.5, 8.9, 3.0, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.24 (td, J=9.3, 5.5, 1H), 7.06 (tdd, J=9.7, 2.9, 1.6, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.48-6.36 (m, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=16.9, 1.7, 1H), 5.74 (dd, J=10.2, 1.8, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 2.90 (s, 2H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.48-2.05 (m, 8H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 565.92 ([M+H]⁺)

Example 56. Synthesis of Compound 100

Compound 100 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.18 (s, 1H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=9.3, 5.6, 1H), 7.06 (tdd, J=9.8, 3.0, 1.6, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 6.58 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=17.0, 2.0, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J=10.2, 1.9, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.91-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.63 (m, 5H), 2.37 (s, 3H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 565.86 ([M+H]⁺⁾

Example 57. Synthesis of Compound 101

Compound 101 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d. J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.36 (td, J=9.2, 5.6 Hz. 1H), 7.18-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.09 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J=17.1, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.29-6.21 (m, 1H), 5.79-5.75 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.76 (m, 1H), 2.46 (br s. 2H), 2.12 (s, 6H).

Example 58. Synthesis of Compound 102

Compound 102 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.99 (br s, 1H), 8.70 (br s, 1H), 7.87 (br s, 1H). 7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.23 (td, J=5.8, 9.3 Hz., 1H), 7.05 (t, J=7.8 Hz 1H), 6.55-6.38 (m, 1H), 6.14-6.04 (m, 1H), 5.63 (dd, J=10.2, 17.2 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.34 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.82-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 1H).

Example 59. Synthesis of Compound 103

Compound 103 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.34 (br s, 1H), 9.97 (br s, 1H), 8.42 (br s, 1H), 8.08 (br s, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J=3.1, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.03-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.54-6.38 (m, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=1.8, 17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.72 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.36 (br s, 6H), 2.20 (s, 3H).

Example 60. Synthesis of Compound 104

Compound 104 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.62 (br s, 1H), 8.84 (br s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.49 (ddd, J=3.4, 8.1, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=4.3, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.68-6.50 (m, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=1.8, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.77-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 3.24-2.90 (m, 4H), 2.67 (s, 6H).

Example 61. Synthesis of Compound 105

Compound 105 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.35 (br s, 1H), 10.08 (s, 1H), 9.31 (s, 1H), 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.28 (td, J=5.5, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.59-6.40 (m, 1H), 6.37-6.32 (m, 1H), 5.89-5.86 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.02-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 2.45-2.14 (m, 8H).

Example 62. Synthesis of Compound 106

Compound 106 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.31 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.36 (td, J=9.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.98 (m, 4H), 6.44 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (dd, J=17.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H).

Example 63. Synthesis of Compound 107

Compound 107 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.29 (s, 1H), 8.70-8.55 (m, 1H), 7.68 (br s, 1H), 7.60 (br s, 1H), 7.56 (br s, 1H), 7.49-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.31 (td, J=9.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.43 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (dd, J=10.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (br s, 1.5H), 2.39 (br s, 1.5H).

Example 64. Synthesis of Compound 108

Compound 108 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 565.22 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 65. Synthesis of Compound 109

Compound 109 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.58 (s, 1H), 9.93 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.25 (dt, J=9.3, 4.7, 1H), 7.08 (tt, J=8.7, 2.2, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 6.45 (dd, J=17.0, 10.2, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=17.1, 1.8, 1H), 5.70 (dd, J=10.2, 1.8, 1H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.59 (s, 3H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 453.91 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 66. Synthesis of Compound 110

Compound 110 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.57 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.41 (m. 1H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 3H), 7.05-7.00 (m, 1H), 6.65-6.46 (m, 1H), 6.13 (ddd, J=2.4, 11.3, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.69-5.62 (m, 1H), 4.31 (ddd, J=3.8, 9.0, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dd, J=6.3, 13.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J=4.9, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.11 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 3H), 2.89-2.75 (m, 1H).

Example 67. Synthesis of Compound 111

Compound 111 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.44 (s, 1H), 9.29 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.25 (td, J=9.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.35-3.13 (m, 4H), 2.77 (br s, 6H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 2.42 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 68. Synthesis of Compound 112

Compound 112 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.76 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.88 (d. J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.60-6.45 (m, 1H), 6.11 (ddd, J=2.3, 7.5, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.68-5.60 (m, 1H), 4.41 (dd, J=8.5, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (td, J=7.0, 13.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J=5.2, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.10 (d, J=3.7 Hz., 3H), 2.96-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.23 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H).

Example 69. Synthesis of Compound 113

Compound 113 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.12 (s, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.52-6.43 (m. 1H), 6.33-6.25 (m, 1H), 5.84-5.79 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.98-2.94 (m, 2H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.24 (s, 6H).

Example 70. Synthesis of Compound 114

Compound 114 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.04 (s, 1H), 9.52 (s, 1H), 8.99 (br s, 1H), 8.31-8.23 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=9.3, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (dd, J=16.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=17.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 2.70 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (s, 6H).

Example 71. Synthesis of Compound 115

Compound 115 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 578.26 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 72. Synthesis of Compound 116

Compound 116 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.22 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 8.87 (br s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.49-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.10-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J=16.8, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=17.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, J=10.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 2.81 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.27 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (s, 6H).

Example 73. Synthesis of Compound 117

Compound 117 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.31 (br s, 1H), 10.01 (s, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.18 (br s, 1H), 7.58-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=16.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.80-5.73 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.57 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 6H), 2.12 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.69 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H).

Example 74. Synthesis of Compound 118

Compound 118 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz. DMSO-d₆) δ 10.59 (s, 1H), 10.20 (s, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 7.59-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.26 (td, J=9.3, 5.5, 1H), 7.12-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.45-6.22 (m, 2H), 5.82 (dd, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.01 (s, 2H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 2.45-1.95 (m, 8H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 567.86 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 75. Synthesis of Compound 119

Compound 119 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.54 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.43 (m, 3H), 7.26 (td, J=9.2, 5.4, 1H), 7.08 (ddt, J=10.8, 8.7, 2.0, 1H), 6.43-6.26 (m, 2H), 5.84 (dd, 1H), 4.25-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.76-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.08 (m, 6H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 554.83 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 76. Synthesis of Compound 120

Compound 120 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.67 (s, 1H), 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=9.0, 1H), 6.60 (dd, J=16.7, 10.3, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=16.7, 2.4, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J=10.2, 2.4, 1H), 4.31 (s, 2H), 4.24-4.12 (m. 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.38 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.61 (m, 4H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 507.88 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 77. Synthesis of Compound 121

Compound 121 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, 1H), 7.45 (m, J=14.2, 7.3, 3.0, 2H), 7.21 (td, J=9.3, 5.4, 1H), 7.09-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.60 (dd, J=16.7, 10.3, 1H), 6.19 (dd, J=16.7, 2.4, 1H), 5.70 (dd, J=10.3, 2.4, 1H), 4.31 (s, 1H), 4.24-4.01 (m. 2H), 3.82 (d, 3H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.44 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.71 (m, 4H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 537.78 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 78. Synthesis of Compound 122

Compound 122 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 537.84 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 79. Synthesis of Compound 123

Compound 123 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 551.82 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 80. Synthesis of Compound 124

Compound 124 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.23 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=2.1, 1H), 7.52-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.27 (td, J=9.4, 5.6, 1H), 7.08 (tdd, J=8.6, 3.0, 1.6, 1H), 6.44 (dd, J=17.0, 10.2, 1H), 6.27 (dd, J=16.9, 2.0, 1H), 5.77 (dd, J=10.1, 2.0, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 3H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 480.92 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 81. Synthesis of Compound 125

Compound 125 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 591.87 ([M+H]⁺)

Example 82. Synthesis of Compound 126

Compound 126 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.24 (br s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.06-6.97 (m, 5H), 6.82 (dd, J=16.5, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (d, J=16.5 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H).

Example 83. Synthesis of Compound 127

Compound 127 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 563.22 ([M+H]⁺), retention time=0.83

Example 84. Synthesis of Compound 128

Compound 128 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.50 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=9.3, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 6.50 (dd, J=16.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=17.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.68 (m, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.58 9s, 3H), 2.87 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.92 (t, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.59 (m, 4H).

Example 85. Synthesis of Compound 129

Compound 129 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.05 (s, 1H), 9.54 (s, 1H), 9.38 (s, 1H), 8.72 (d, J=15.4, 2H), 7.58-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.24-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=9.1, 4.3, 2H), 6.74 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2, 1H), 6.31 (dd J=16.9, 1.9, 1H), 5.79 (dd J=10.2, 2.0, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.17 (m, 2H), 2.80 (d, J=4.4, 6H), 2.55 (s, 3H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 532.31 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 86. Synthesis of Compound 130

Compound 130 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz; DMSO-d₆) δ 9.87 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=8.8, 2H), 7.09 (dd, J=9.1, 4.3, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.54-6.43 (m, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=16.9, 2.0, 1H), 5.75 (dd, J=9.9, 2.0, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.00 (s. 2H), 2.75-2.55 (m, 5H), 2.39 (s, 6H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 562.33 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 87. Synthesis of Compound 131

Compound 131 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.03 (s, 1H), 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.46-6.38 (m, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=16.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (dd, J=10.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.91 (s, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.42-2.19 (m, 11H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 558.32 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 88. Synthesis of Compound 132

Compound 132 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.21 (s, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.36 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=16.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (dd, J=10.0, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 2.96-2.51 (m, 10H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 544.34 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 89. Synthesis of Compound 133

Compound 133 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.16 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=19.1 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.24 (td, J=9.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (ddd, J=10.9, 6.6, 2.3 Hz 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.40 (dd, J=17.0, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=17.0, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, J=10.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 2.59 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.17-2.13 (m, 8H), 1.76-1.70 (m, 2H).

Example 90. Synthesis of Compound 134

Compound 134 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 596.24 ([M+H]⁺), retention time=0.94

Example 91. Synthesis of Compound 135

Compound 135 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 598.25 ([M+H]⁺). retention time=0.92

Example 92. Synthesis of Compound 136

Compound 136 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 598.25 ([M+H]⁺), retention time=0.89

Example 93. Synthesis of Compound 137

Compound 137 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.39 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=6.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (dt, J=9.2, 3.3 Hz. 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.39 (dd, J=16.7, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=16.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H),5.77-5.72 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 2.87 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.30 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.20 (s, 6H). LC-MS m/z: (pos) 596.25 ([M+H]⁺), retention time=0.97

Example 94. Synthesis of Compound 138

Compound 138 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz. DMSO-d₆) δ 12.41 (s, 1H), 9.89 (br s, 1H), 8.42 (br s, 1H), 8.00 (br s, 1H), 7.62 (td, J=6.4, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (td, J=2.7, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.18 (m, 2H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.76-6.55 (m, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J=2.0, 16.9 Hz, 1H), 5.75-5.71 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s. 3H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.23-2.84 (m, 4H), 2.65 (s, 6H).

Example 95. Synthesis of Compound 139

Compound 139 was synthesized according to procedures similar to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 563.91

Example 96. Synthesis of Compound 140

Compound 140 was synthesized according to procedures similar to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.09 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.55 (ddd, J=11.5, 8.9, 3.0, 1H), 7.43 (td, J=9.2, 5.6, 1H), 7.19 (tdd, J=9.2, 3.1, 1.6, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.48-6.38 (m, 1H), 6.24 (d, J=16.8, 1H), 5.77 (d, J=11.1, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.93 (s, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 8H).

Example 97. Synthesis of Compound 141

Compound 141 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.04 (br s, 1H), 9.08 (br s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.48 (td, J=9.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.49-6.35 (m, 1H), 6.29-6.25 (m, 1H), 5.75-5.72 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.91 (br s, 2H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.46-2.08 (m, 8H).

Example 98. Synthesis of Compound 142

Compound 142 was synthesized according to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.69 (br s, 1H), 8.79 (br s. 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.48 (td, J=9.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.07 (m, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J=16.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 6.28-6.18 (m, 1H), 5.78-5.69 (m, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 2.31 (m, 6H).

Example 99. Synthesis of Compound 143

Compound 143 was synthesized according to procedures similar to the procedures described herein.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 1H), 6.56 (dd, J=16.7, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (d, J=17.1 Hz; 1H), 6.01 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.28 (br s, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.44 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.94 (m, 6H).

Example 100. Synthesis of Compound 144

Compound 144 was synthesized according to procedures similar to the procedures described herein.

LC-MS m/z: (pos) 579.26 ([M+H]⁺). retention time=0.79

Example 101. Biological Assays Proliferation Inhibition Assays:

Cell growth inhibition was assessed by MTS assay for Ba/F3, DFCI58-229, and DFCI127c cells, or by Cell Titer Glo Luminescent Cell viability assay (Promega®) for DFCI362JC cells. 3000 Ba/F3 cells were seeded for per well in 96-well plates, and were exposed to representative compounds of the application (3.3 nM to 10 μM) for 72 hours. For DFCI58-229, DFCI127c, and DFCI362JC cells. 5000 cells were seeded per well. All experimental points included 6 to 12 wells. Data were normalized to untreated cells and displayed graphically using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, Inc.). The growth curves were fitted using a nonlinear regression model with sigmoidal dose response.

Western Blot Analysis:

Cells were plated at 5×10⁵ cells per well in 6-well plates and treated with representative compounds of the application the following day. After 6 hours of treatment, cells were washed with PBS and lysed with NP40 buffer (Calbiochem®) supplemented with Complete™ Mini protease inhibitor and PhosSTOP™ phosphatase inhibitors (Roche®). Lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and probed with the following antibodies: phospho-EGFR(Tyr1068) (3777), total EGFR (2232), p-Akt(Ser473) (4060), total Akt (9272), p-ERK(Thr202/Tyr204) (4370), total ERK (9102) (Cell Signaling), and HSP90 (SC-7947) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology®).

Example 102. Assessing the Activity of the Representative Compounds of the Present Application in Inhibiting EFGR and HER2

Activities of representative compounds of the present application in inhibiting EGFR and HER2 were tested by MTS assay (for Ba/F3 cell, DFCI58-229 cell, and DFCI 127c cells) or by CellTiter-Glo® luminescent cell viability assay (for DFCI362JC cells). For assays with Ba/F3 cells, 3000 cells were seeded for per well in 96-well plates and were exposed to indicated compounds with a concentration of 3.3 to 10 μM for 72 hours. For assays with DFCI58-229 cell, DFCI 127c cell, or DFCI362JC cell, 5000 cells were seeded per well in 96-well plates and were exposed to indicated compounds with a concentration of 3.3 to 10 μM for 72 hours.

Western blot analysis was then performed on the cells. The cells were plated at 5×10⁵ cells per well in 6-well plates and treated with the indicated concentrations of the compound. After 6 hours of treatment, cells were washed with PBS and lysed with NP40 buffer (Calbiochem) supplemented with Complete Mini protease inhibitor and PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitors (Roche). Lysates were then separated by SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and probed with the following antibodies: phospho-EGFR(Tyr1068) (3777), total EGFR (2232), p-Akt(Ser473) (4060), total Akt (9272), p-ERK(Thr202Tyr204) (4370), total ERK (9102) (Cell Signaling), and HSP90 (SC-7947) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Activities of representative compounds of the present application are shown in FIGS. 1, 2A-C, and 3, and Tables 8-11 below.

TABLE 8 EC₅₀ values in proliferation inhibition assays against wild-type or insertion mutants EGFRs transformed Ba/F3 cells (A = over 1000 nM; B = 600 to 1000 nM; C = 200 to 600 nM; D = below 200 nM). Com- EGFR transformed Ba/F3 cells pound wild- # type InsGY InsSVD InsASV InsHH InsH InsNPG 1 D D D D D D D 9 D D D D D D D 3 D D D D C C D 4 D D D D D D D 5 D D D D D D D 6 D D D D D D D 7 D D D D D C D 15 D D D D C A D 17 D D D D C B D 23 D D D D D C D 24 D D D D C C D 8 D D D D D D D 29 D D D D D D D 10 C C C D C B D 26 D D D D B A D 82 D D D D 85 D D D D 87 D D B 88 D D C 89 D D C 94 D D C A 99 D D D C 102 D D D C 105 C A A A 106 D D D C 110 C D 111 A A A A 112 D D 113 D D D B 116 D D D 117 D C A 125 D D D B 127 A A 128 C B 129 D C A 130 D D D 131 D D C 132 D D D 134 D D D C 135 D D D C 136 D D D C 140 D C C B 141 D D D C 142 D D D B 144 D D D C

TABLE 9 EC₅₀ values in proliferation inhibition assays against wild-type or insertion mutants HER2s transformed Ba/F3 cells (A = over 500 nM; B = 250 to 500 nM; C = 100 to 250 nM; D = below 100 nM). HER2 transformed Ba/F3 cells Compound # wild-type InsYVMA InsVC InsGSP InsWLV 1 D D D D C 2 D D D D D 3 D D C D C 4 D D D D D 5 D D C D C 6 D D C D D 7 D D C D C 15 D D D D C 17 D D D D B 23 D D D D C 24 D D D D C 8 D D D D D 29 D D D D D 10 D D B D B 26 D A B D C 140 D D B 141 D D D 142 D D C 144 D D C

TABLE 10 EC₅₀ values in proliferation inhibition assays against wild-type or insertion mutants HER2s transformed Ba/F3 cells (A = over 1000 nM; B = 600 to 1000 nM; C = 200 to 600 nM; D = below 200 nM). HER2 transformed Ba/F3 cells Compound # wild-type InsYVMA InsWLV 82 D D D 85 D D D 87 D D D 88 D D C 89 D D D 94 D D C 99 D D D 102 D D D 105 C B B 106 D D D 110 D D 111 A A A 112 C C 113 D D D 116 D D D 117 D D C 125 D D C 127 A A 128 C D 129 D D B 130 D D D 131 D D D 132 D D D 134 D D D 135 D D D 136 D D D 137 D D D

TABLE 11 EC₅₀ values in proliferation inhibition assays against mutant EGFRs transformed Ba/F3 cells (A = below or equal to 100 nM; B = above 100 mM). L858R Exon19del T90M/L858R T790M/exon19del gefitinib A A B B osimertinib A A A A Compound 2 A A A A

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific embodiments described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the following claims. 

1. A compound of Formula X:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X₁ is CH or N; X₂ is CR₆ or N; X₃ is —NR₂—C(O)— or —N═CR₂—; X₄ is NH, O, or S; R₁ is H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1); and R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(b1), provided that when Q is (CH₂)₀, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, and R₃ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halogen, then R₁ is not substituted phenyl; or R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is H, NH₂, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2); R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N·O, and S, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₇; R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; each R₇ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, or NR_(n3)R_(n4); each R_(a1) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NH—C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl), NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁; each R_(b1) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR₃R_(n4), wherein at least one R_(b1) is W, or when the at least one R_(b1) is bonded to a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclyl ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom, R_(b1) is C(O)R₉; each R_(a2) is independently W, NH—C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₀₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein at least one R_(a2) is W; each R_(b2) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered rings and 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; each R₈ is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀; each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4); each R₁₁ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, NR_(n3)R_(n4), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, or C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl); each R_(n1) and each R_(n2) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, or R_(a1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R_(n3) and each R_(n4) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; W is NR₈C(O)R₉, C(O)R₉, or is of formula:

L₃ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with —C═O—, —O—, —S—, —NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —SC(═O)—, —C(═O)S—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR_(L3a)C(═S)—, —C(═S)NR_(L3a)—, trans-CR_(L3b)═CR_(L3b)—, cis-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, —C≡C—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)O—, —OS(═O)—, —S(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂O—, —OS(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR_(L3a)—, or —NR_(L3a)S(═O)₂—; R_(L3a) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each R_(L3b) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(L3b) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; L₄ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ hydrocarbon chain; each of R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, CN, CH₂O OR_(EE), CH₂N(R_(EE))₂, CH₂SR_(EE), OR_(EE), N(R_(EE))₂, Si(R_(EE))₃, or SR_(EE), or R_(E1) and R_(E3), or R_(E2) and R_(E3), or R_(E1) and R_(E2) are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; each R_(EE) is independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(EE) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R_(E5) is halogen; R_(E6) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each Y is independently O, S, or NR_(E7); R_(E7) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; a is 1 or 2; and each z is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
 6. 2. The compound of claim 1, being of Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R₁ is H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1); and R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(b1), provided that when Q is (CH₂)₀, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, and R₃ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halogen, then R₁ is not substituted phenyl; or R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b1); R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₇; R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; each R₇ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, or NR_(n3)R_(n3); each R_(a1) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NH—C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl), NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁; each R_(b1) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein at least one R_(b1) is W, or when the at least one R_(b1) is bonded to a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclyl ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom, R_(b1) is C(O)R₉ each R_(a2) is independently W, NH—C(O)—(C₁-C₄ alkyl), C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3) R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₀₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁, wherein at least one R_(a2) is W; each R_(b2) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered rings and 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; each Rx is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀; each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4); each R₁₁ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, NR_(n3)R_(n4), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, or C(O)—(C₂-C₄ alkenyl); each R_(n1) and each R_(n2) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, or R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R_(n3) and each R_(n4) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; W is NR₈C(O)R₉, C(O)R₉, or is of formula:

L₃ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with —C═O—, —O—, —S—, —NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)C(═O)—, —C(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —SC(═O)—, —C(═O)S—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR_(L3a)C(═S)—, —C(═S)NR_(L3a)—, trans-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, cis-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, —C≡C—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)O—, —OS(═O)—, —S(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂O—, —OS(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR_(L3a)—, or —NR_(L3a)S(═O)₂—; R_(L3a) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each R_(L3b) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(L3b) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; L₄ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ hydrocarbon chain; each of R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, CN, CH₂O R_(EE), CH₂N(R_(EE))₂, CH₂SR_(EE), OR_(EE), N(R_(EE))₂, Si(R_(EE))₃, or SR_(EE), or R_(E1) and R_(E3), or R_(E2) and R_(E3), or R_(E1) and R_(E2) are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; each R_(EE) is independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(EE) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R_(E5) is halogen; R_(E6) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each Y is independently O, S, or NR_(E7); R_(E7) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; a is 1 or 2; and each z is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
 6. 3. The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, being of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R₁ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1); and R₂ is Q-R₂′, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀₋₃ and R₂′ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(b1), provided that when Q is (CH₂)₀, R₂′ is pyrrolidinyl, and R₃ is phenyl or phenyl substituted with halogen, then R₁ is not substituted phenyl; or R₁ is phenyl or heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the phenyl or heteroaryl is substituted with one or more R_(a2); and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2); R₃ is C₆-C₁₀ aryl or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₇; R₄, R₅, and R₆ are each independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; each R₇ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, CN, or NR_(n3)R_(n4); each R_(a1) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁₁; each R_(b1) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4), wherein at least one R_(b1) is W, or when the at least one R_(b1) is bonded to a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclyl ring comprising at least one nitrogen atom, R_(b1) is C(O)R₉; each R_(a2) is independently W, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), O—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), NR_(n1)—(CH₂)₁₋₄—NR_(n1)R_(n2), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one or two 4- to 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, phenyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R₁, wherein at least one R_(a2) is W; each R_(b2) is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, or NR_(n3)R_(n4); each R₈ is independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl; each R₉ is independently C₂-C₄ alkenyl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₀; each R₁₀ is independently NR_(n3)R_(n4); each R₁₁ is independently C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, halogen, NR_(n3)R_(n4), C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R_(n1) and each R_(n2) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, or R_(n1) and R_(n2), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₆ alkyl; each R_(n3) and each R_(n4) are independently H or C₁-C₄ alkyl, W is NR₈C(O)R₉, C(O)R₉, or is of formula:

L₃ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain are independently replaced with —C═O—, —O—, —S—, —NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)C(═O)—, —C(O)NR_(L3a)—, —SC(═O)—, —C(═O)S—, —OC(═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —NR_(L3a)C(═S)—, —C(═S)NR_(L3a)—, trans-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, cis-CR_(L3b)=CR_(L3b)—, —C≡C—, —S(═O)—, —S(═O)O—, —OS(═O)—, —S(═O)NR_(L3a)—, —NR_(L3a)S(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂O—, —OS(═O)₂—, —S(═O)₂NR_(L3a)-, or —NR_(L3a)S(═O)₂—; R_(L3a) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each R_(L3b) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(L3b) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; L₄ is a bond or an optionally substituted C₁-C₆ hydrocarbon chain; each of R_(E1), R_(E2), and R_(E3) is independently H, halogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, CN, CH₂O OR_(EE), CH₂N(R_(EE))₂, CH₂SR_(EE), OR_(EE), N(R_(EE))₂, Si(R_(EE))₃, or SR_(EE), or R_(E1) and R_(E3), or R_(E2) and R_(E3), or R_(E1) and R_(E2) are joined to form an optionally substituted C₃-C₈ carbocycle or optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; each R_(EE) is independently H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or two R_(EE) groups are joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring comprising 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; R_(E4) is a leaving group; R_(E5) is halogen; R_(E6) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; each Y is independently O, S, or NR_(E7); R_(E7) is H, optionally substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; a is 1 or 2; and each z is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or
 6. 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R, is Q-R₂′: and R₁ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).
 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is heterocyclyl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).
 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R₂ is Q-R₂′; and R₁ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).
 7. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R₂ is Q-R₂′: and R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S optionally substituted with one or more R_(a1).
 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein Q is (CH₂)₀.
 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein Q is (CH₂)I.
 10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein R₂′ is substituted with one R_(b1), and the one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉.
 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein R₂′ is substituted with two or more R_(b1), and one R_(b1) is NR₈C(O)R₉.
 12. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more R_(a2): and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2).
 13. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R₁ is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and 1-3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S substituted with one or more R_(a2): and R₂ is C₁-C₄ alkyl or C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more R_(b2).
 14. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, 10, and 11, wherein R₁ is substituted with one R_(a2), and the one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉.
 15. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, 10, and 11, wherein R₁ is substituted with two or more R_(a2), and one R_(a2) is NR₈C(O)R₉.
 16. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the compound is of Formula Ia, Ia1, or Ia2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is N or CH; and p1 is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 17. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the compound is of Formula Ib or Ib1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1,2, or 3; n is 0, 1, or 2: and p2 is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 18. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the compound is of Formula Ic or Ic1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: m is 0, 1, 2, or 3: and p2 is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 19. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the compound is of Formula Id, Id1, Id2, or Id3:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is N or CH; R_(a1)′ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, OH, or halogen; and p3 is 0, 1, 2, or
 3. 20. The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, being of Formula Ie1 or Ie2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
 21. The compound of claim 20, wherein R₈ is independently R_(a1a) or R_(a1b), wherein R_(a1a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, or halogen; and R_(a1b) is


22. The compound of claim 21, being of Formula Ie3 or Ie4:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 24. The compound of claim 21 or claim 22, wherein R_(a1a) is methyl, ethyl, CHF₂, CH₂F, CF₃, OCH₃, OCHF₂, OCH₂F, OCF₃, F, or Cl; and R_(a1b) is


25. The compound of any one of claims 1-2 and 20-24, wherein R₂ is


26. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, selected from Tables 1-6.
 27. The compound of claim 1, being of any one of Formulae Xa, Xb, Xc, Xd, and Xe:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. The compound of claim 1 or claim 27, being selected from Table
 6. 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 30. A method of modulating EGFR or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 29. 31. A method of modulating HER2 or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 29. 32. A method of modulating EGFR or a mutant thereof and HER2 or a mutant thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 29. 33. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 29. 34. A compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, for modulating EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: or for treating or preventing a disease or disorder.
 35. A compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, for use in the modulation of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; or in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder.
 36. A compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, for use in the manufacture of a medicament for the modulation of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder.
 37. Use of a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, in the modulation of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof: or in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder.
 38. Use of a compound of any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29, in the manufacture of a medicament for the modulation of EGFR or a mutant thereof and/or HER2 or a mutant thereof; or for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder. 